Table 1.
The taxonomic classification of the Rubus species studied.
Table 2.
List of localities of the Rubus species studied.
Fig 1.
Equatorial and polar views, apertures and exine ornamentation in scanning electron microscope (SEM).
(A-C) R. chlorothyrsos, R. pedemontanus, R. mollispollen grains in equatorial views, two colpori and exine ornamentation. (D-F) R. fabrimontanus, R. pfuhlianus, R. lamprocaulos pollen in polar views, three colpori and exine ornamentation. (G-H) R. angustipaniculatus, R. hevellicus six and four pollen grains in equatorial and polar views.
Fig 2.
Box-and-whisker diagram of P values for 58 studied Rubus species.
The mean length of the equatorial diameter (E) was 21.66 (14–32) μm. The shortest mean equatorial diameter was recorded in pollen of R. canadensis (18.47 μm), while the longest was found in R. czarnunensis (26.87 μm; Table 3).
Fig 3.
The participation of studied species in types and subtypes of striate exine ornamentation (according to Ueda [47]).
(A) R. lamprocaulos (subtype—IA). (B) R. angustipaniculatus (IIA). (C) R. orthostachys (IIB). (D) R. canadensis (IIIA). (E) R. montanus (IIIB). (F) R. saxatilis (V). (G) R. odoratus (striate-verrucate ornamentation). (H) R. plicatus (IA/IIA), (I) R. apricus (IIA/IIB).
Table 3.
Mean values and standard deviations (s.d.) for individual species and observed traits.
Table 4.
Striate exine ornamentation types and subtypes of studied Rubus species (according to Ueda [47] classification).
Fig 4.
The bridge and apertures of studied species.
A-C. R. macrophyllus, R. circipanicus, R. angustipaniculatus the bridge (exine connection between the margins of an aperture—colporus) in three pollen grains in equatorial view. D-F. R. gothicus, R. scisus, R. nessensis colporus with rugulate membrane in three pollen in equatorial view.
Table 5.
Correlation coefficients between all pairs of observed traits.
Fig 5.
Dendrogram of cluster groupings of Rubus species based on all 11 morphological traits.
Fig 6.
Distribution of the studied Rubus species in the space of the first two canonical variables.
Table 6.
Correlation coefficients between the first two canonical variables and original traits.