Abstract
Engineering properties of problematic soils are enhanced using geopolymer technology to promote sustainable engineering practices. Geopolymer constitutes precursors and activators, where the latter plays a crucial role in dictating soil properties. The published literature reveal the application potential of various activators in geopolymer synthesization under numerous contexts. Yet, a collective appraisal of the role of activators that includes activator type, dosage, concentration, engineering property enhancement and environmental perspectives remains unearthed. This article attempts to holistically review the fundamental aspects associated with activators in road applications to assist design professionals, researchers and practitioners. Accordingly, NaOH and Na2SiO3 are widely deployed as activators in geopolymer. Addition of NaOH maintains pH levels between 10 and 13 that is a prerequisite for the geopolymer reactions to occur. Studies found that NaOH concentration ranging between 8 and 12 M results in optimum mechanical properties including compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus, whereas 35–50% w/w Na2SiO3 concentration produces better performance. Moreover, Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio between 1 and 2 leads to optimum mechanical properties. Leachate analysis revealed that the release of heavy metals to ground water is considerably small, ensuring the safe usage of geopolymer. To promote sustainability, rice husk ash (RHA), glass powder (GP), silica fume (SF), bagasse ash (BA) and calcium carbide residue (CCR) have been recently deployed as potential replacements for conventional activators. Further researches in this context are encouraged to explore the influence of activators in dynamic properties and durability of stabilized pavement. Author also recommends to devise specific standards and limitations pertaining to the application of geopolymer for pavement construction.
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Abbreviations
- NaOH:
-
Sodium hydroxide
- Na2SiO3 :
-
Sodium silicate
- KOH:
-
Potassium hydroxide
- K2SiO3 :
-
Potassium silicate
- Ca(OH)2 :
-
Calcium hydroxide
- Si:
-
Silicon
- Al:
-
Aluminum
- Na2O:
-
Sodium oxide
- SiO2 :
-
Silicon dioxide
- MgO:
-
Magnesium oxide
- K2O:
-
Potassium oxide
- SO3 :
-
Sulfur trioxide
- C:
-
CaO
- S:
-
SiO2
- A:
-
Al2O3
- F:
-
Fe2O3
- M:
-
Molarity
- OPC:
-
Ordinary Portland cement
- RHA:
-
Rice husk ash
- GP:
-
Glass powder
- SF:
-
Silica fume
- BA:
-
Bagasse ash
- CCR:
-
Calcium carbide residue
- FA C:
-
Fly ash—class C
- FA F:
-
Fly ash—class F
- GGBS:
-
Ground granulated blast furnace slag
- RG:
-
Red gypsum
- RAP:
-
Recycled asphalt pavement
- MDD:
-
Maximum dry density
- OMC:
-
Optimum moisture content
- OAAC:
-
Optimum alkali activator content
- UCS:
-
Unconfined compressive strength
- CBR:
-
California bearing ratio
- RM:
-
Modulus of resilience
- CS:
-
Compressive strength
- ITS:
-
Indirect tensile strength
- FS:
-
Flexural strength
- EM:
-
Elastic modulus
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Anburuvel, A. The role of activators in geopolymer-based stabilization for road construction: a state-of-the-art review. Multiscale and Multidiscip. Model. Exp. and Des. 6, 41–59 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-022-00139-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-022-00139-4