Abstract
Almond [Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb] presents clear challenges within plant breeding given its plurennial woody character, long juvenile period and multiplication by grafting. These challenges make the improvement process generally long and tedious. Therefore, it is necessary to have the most current information on developing new cultivars that currently take 12 years. Additionally, the breeder has to consider diverse internal (genetic background of the existing material, actual and the new methodologies) and external factors (consumer preferences, biotic and abiotic factors) to ensure the success of a new cultivar. The degree of knowledge of these aspects determines the quality of the prediction and success in the design of new almond cultivars. Although the size of the breeding population can be unlimited, the management, phenotyping and selection of these seedlings are major limiting factors. High-throughput phenotyping methods, genomic (DNA), transcriptomic (RNA) and epigenetic studies can help to develop better selection strategies particularly useful to deal with complex target traits in tree crops such as almond, with a long juvenile periods and a high degree of heterozygosity. Recently, epigenetic marks have been developed associated to dormancy in flower buds.
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Acknowledgements
This study has been supported by the project Nut4Drought: Selection and characterization of drought resistant almond cultivars from the Mediterranean basin with high nutraceutical values, from an ERA-NET Action financed by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Program for research called ARIMNet2 (Coordination of Agricultural Research in the Mediterranean; 2014-2017; www.arimnet2.net).
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Dedicated to Almond Breeding
Institution | Specialization | Contact information and website |
|---|---|---|
Center for Edaphology and Applied Biology of the River Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain | Molecular Biology and Breeding | Dr. Federico Dicenta Email: fdicenta@cebas.csic.es |
Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain | Molecular Biology and Breeding | Dr. Maria J Rubio Email: mjrubioc@aragon.es |
Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA-Mas Bove), Reus, Spain | Breeding | Dr. Ignasi Batlle Email: ignasi.batlle@irta.es |
University of California-Davis (UC Davis), California, USA | Breeding | Dr. Thomas M Gradziel Email: tmgradziel@ucdavis.edu |
University of Adelaide, Australia | Molecular Biology and Breeding | Dr. Michelle Wirthensohn Email: michelle.wirthensohn@adelaide.edu.au |
University of Bari, Italy | Breeding | Dr. Marino Palasciano Email: marino.palasciano@uniba.it |
Ecole National d’Agriculture Meknès, Morocco | Breeding | Dr. Ossama Kodad Email: osama.kodad@yahoo.es |
Olive Tree Institute, Tunisia | Breeding | Dr. Hassouna Gouta Email: zallaouz@yahoo.fr |
1.2 Appendix II: Almond Genetic Resources Available at Germplasm Banks
Country | Research center | Cultivation area | Accessions |
|---|---|---|---|
Europe | |||
France | INRA-Avignon | Avignon | 180 |
Italy | University of Udine | Udine | 65 |
Spain | CEBAS-CSIC | Murcia | 70 |
CITA | Zaragoza | 80 | |
IRTA-Mas Bove | Reus | 83 | |
Asia | |||
Iran | National Plant Gene Bank | Karaj | 67 |
Syria | Centre for Studies of Arid Zones | Sednaya | 130 |
Turkey | Ege University | Izmir | 51 |
America | |||
USA | USDA-UC Davis | Davis | 165 |
Africa | |||
Morocco | INRA-Rabat | Rabat | 120 |
Oceania | |||
Australia | University of Adelaide | Adelaide | 45 |
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Martínez-García, P.J. et al. (2019). Almond [Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb] Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Nut and Beverage Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23112-5_1
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