Plant 
Flower |
Leaf 
Fruit |
|
Plant
Flower |
Leaf
Fruit |
Height: 15-60cm
Never Mycorrhizal
Perennial, Stoloniferous, Persistent Seed Bank
Hermaphrodite, Flowering May - June
(Earliest: 24.4)
| Protective Chemicals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucosinolates | Benzyl, Methylpropyl | ||||
| Biotopes: |
Wet Meadows |
Stream Banks |
Pond Edge | |
| Flower Visitors: |
Nomada leucophthalma |
Pieris napi |
Cauchas rufimitrella |
Eupithecia indigata |
Several Empididae |
Many Syrphidae |
Helina celsa |
Siphona ingerae | |
Myopa stigma |
Eusphalerum atrum | |||
| Parasites: |
Ceutorhynchus rapae (Larval Stem Borer) | |||
| Possible Parasites: |
Liriomyza strigata |
Ceutorhynchus assimilis (Larval Root Gall) | ||
| Herbivores: |
Pieris napi Larva |
Eidophasia messingiella Larva |
Tenthredo koehleri Larva |
Several Chrysomelidae |
| Possible Herbivores: |
Cnephasia incertana |
Plutella xylostella Larva |
Athalia rosae Larva |
Several Chrysomelidae |
| Sapivores: |
Eurydema dominulus |
Eurydema oleracea | ||
| Florivores: |
Brassicogethes subaeneus Larva | |||
| Granivores: |
Anthocharis cardamines Larva |
Ecological Flora of the British Isles
Pictures © 2003, 2004, 2005 J.K. Lindsey
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