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Geranium pusillum L. A: Habit. B: Branch and inflorescence. C: Leaf. D: Flower. E: Fruits. Scale bar A = 5 cm; bars B and C = 1 cm; bars D and E = 5 mm.
Source publication
Geranium pusillum L., an annual or biennial herb mainly native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, has recently become naturalized in mountain regions of central Taiwan at about 1,800-2,300 m in elevation. This species is very similar to G. molle, which was also recently found to have become naturalized in Taiwan; however, the former has...
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Citations
... Geranium molle (height: 15-30 cm, erect stem (Chen and Wang, 2005) produced 77 seeds perplant. Grime et al. (1988) observed that G. molle flourished from April to September and set seeds from June to October, and Salisbury (1961) reported the average number of seeds per plant to be 1,500 to 2,000. ...
We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark. The aim was to evaluate the possibility of harvesting retained seeds on weeds at crop harvest by a combine harvester based on estimation of weed seed retention. Before flowering, ten plants of each weed species were selected and surrounded by a seed trap comprising of a porous net. When the plants started shedding seeds, the seeds were collected from the traps and counted weekly until oat harvest. Just before oat harvest, the retained seeds on the plants were counted and the ratio of harvestable seeds and shed seeds during the growing season was determined. The seed production and shedding patterns varied between the 2 years. Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest. Silene noctiflora was classified as a good target for harvest weed seed control; C. bursa‐pastoris , C . album , G . molle , P . maculosa , S . arvensis and V . arvensis were classified as intermediate targets; and A . arvensis , P . aviculare and V . persica were classified as poor targets.
... G. molle is very similar to G. robertianum L., both species are in the subgenus Robertium that is characterized by the "carpel-projection" type of fruit discharge. G. molle differs from G. robertianum in having palmate leaves, bilobed petals, and smaller flowers [13]. Dovefoot Geranium is an annual or perennial herb with a low rate of growth. ...
Geranium molle is known as Dovefoot Geranium or Awnless Geranium. Dovefoot Geranium is a low-growing herb with pink flowers and sharply toothed leaves. Dovefoot Geranium is native to Eurasia and has been introduced to many habitats of the world. This species is very similar to G. robertianum but its pal-mate-like leaves and bilobed petals show differences. This plant is considered to be anodyne, astringent and vulnerary. We have no information on its population genetic structure, genetic diversity, and morphological variability in Iran. Therefore, due to the importance of these plant species, we performed a combination of morphological and molecular data for this species. For this study, we used 132 randomly collected plants from 18 geographical populations in 4 provinces. Genetic diversity parameters were determined in these populations. STRUCTURE analysis and K-Means clustering identified 14 gene pools in the country and revealed isolation by distance among the studied populations. The Mantel test showed correlation between genetic and geographical distance. AMOVA revealed a significant genetic difference among populations and showed that 40% of total genetic variation was due to within-population diversity. The consensus tree of both molecular and morphological data identified divergent populations. These data may be used in future breeding and conservation of this important medicinal plant in the country.
... Each ovary has 10 ovules (Aedo et al. 1998). Originating from Europe, North Africa and Western Asia (Aedo et al. 1998), it has been introduced to the Americas, Southern Africa, eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and recently Taiwan (Chen and Wang 2005). It is invasive within the GOE, but is not thought to be as large of a threat or as destructive as invasive grasses or shrubs (Fuchs 2001). ...
A growing number of studies have reported an effect of invasive species on the pollination and reproductive success of co-flowering plants, over and above direct competition for resources. In this study, we investigate the effect of the invader Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) on the visitation, pollen deposition, and female reproductive output of three co-flowering species (two native, one exotic) of the critically endangered Garry oak grassland ecosystem on the Saanich peninsula of Vancouver Island. The presence of C. scoparius was largely neutral, with the exception of some facilitation of pollen deposition to the native Camassia leichtlinii, the one species exhibiting pollinator overlap with Scotch broom. Yet, this pattern occurred despite a decreased visitation rate from pollinators. There was little observed effect of the invader on the native Collinsia parviflora or the exotic Geranium molle. Because broom was not favourited by any of the observed pollinators, this study provides evidence that the spread of Scotch broom is not due to the reduction of pollination success of natives nor is C. scoparius likely to be facilitating the pollination of other exotics in Garry oak ecosystem remnants.
The species richness of naturalized flora in Taiwan has continued to increase over the past decade. To understand the recent dynamics of naturalization, we updated the checklist of naturalized plants and investigated their chronology, taxonomic distributions, life histories, origins, and invasive risks. One hundred thirty-five species were newly added, and 58 species were excluded owing to a lack of clear evidence of naturalization. The number of naturalized species per decade has gradually increased, peaking in the 2000s (144 species), and declining remarkably in the 2010s (63 species). Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae were the most species-rich families, consistent with the global patterns of naturalized alien flora. These exotic species were primarily perennial herbs, followed by annual herbs and shrubs. America has been the most consistent source of naturalized species over the past 160 years. Although the naturalization rate has decreased in the last decade, a few potential invaders (i.e., species with extremely high risk scores) are still worthy of further monitoring and management.
The rapid increase of herbicide resistance in some of the most problematic annual weeds, and potential negative impacts of herbicides on human health and the environment have led growers to look for alternative non-chemical weed control. Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) is a non-chemical weed control tactic based on reduction of seed return of primarily annual weed species to the soil seed bank that has been successfully adopted by farmers in Australia. The strategy is to collect and/or destroy the weed seeds in the chaff material during harvest using chaff carts, bale direct system, integrated impact mills, windrow burning, chaff tramlining and chaff lining or other methods of targeting the chaff material containing the weed seeds. Two biological characteristics are exploited with successful HWSC: the level of weed seed retention at crop harvest above crop canopy height and coincidence of weed and crop maturity. Initial research efforts in Europe have found that there are several candidates for HWSC among weed species with a high importance in European cropping systems. The highest potential has been found for weeds such as Galium aparine, Lolium rigidum and Silene noctiflora. However, there are several challenges for the adoption of these systems under European conditions compared to e.g., Australia. The challenges include that crop and weed maturity are not concomitant which results in lower seed retention values at crop harvest. In addition, there has not been a concerted research effort to evaluate HWSC systems in European cropping systems. Until now, research on HWSC in Europe mainly focused on the rate of weed seed retention in specific weed species. For HWSC to contribute to the mitigation of herbicide resistance and add to the toolbox of integrated weed management measures, there is an urgent need to take HWSC research to the next level. Although HWSC is not functionally equivalent to herbicide application, it may help to reduce herbicide inputs in the long-term when used in combination with other tactics. Future research and development should focus on the evaluation of HWSC strategies for the practical adoption of these tactics in European cropping systems.
Th e system and synopsis of species of the genus Geranium, common in the Altai mountain country are given. Th e
synopsis includes 21 species and 1 subspecies. Th e growth of 5 species (G. rectum, G. saxatile, G. rotundifolium,
G. schrenkianum, G. divaricatum) and 1 subspecies (G. transbaicalicum subsp. turczaninovii) is confirmed in this
area. Two new subsections – Albiflora and Pseudosibirica – are described. Original keys to identify sections and species are composed. Nomenclature citation, data on typical samples, preferred habitats, regional distribution and general distribution are given for each species. Areas of most species are refined.
Key words: Geranium, Geraniaceae, Altai mountain country, key, synopsis, typification.
Naturalized flora of Taiwan has been increasing in the past six after the first catalogue was compiled in 2002. In order to probe into the increasing pattern behind this dramatic growth of potential invaders, we compiled and evaluated newly added naturalized species in a quest for better understanding. Furthermore, naturalized species shared with neighboring regions, such as Mainland China and Japan, were estimated as well. The results revealed that two-thirds of these newly recruited species naturalized before 2002, and only 77 actually naturalized after 2002. The proportion of naturalized flora in the native species pool increased from 8% to 12%. The compositions, origins, and life forms of these potential invaders before and after 2002 were similar with slight fluctuations presented in the ranks of the dominant families. Number of species shared with neighboring regions multiplied due to the fast growth of the naturalized flora in Taiwan; nevertheless, the number might be understated due to the inaccessibility of the latest naturalized floras from neighboring regions. The doubled flora of naturalized species in the past six years implies insufficient attention to plant invasions and lag phases of invasion. The expansion of naturalized flora in Taiwan also increased the pools of naturalized species shared with neighboring areas, including Mainland China and Japan.
