Symptoms, host range, taxonomy and life cycle of Leveillula
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Leveillula taurica is an important plant pathogenic fungus that causes powdery mildew. It prefers warm, dry environments. L. taurica exhibits white, fluffy spots on the bottom sides of leaves that spread and cause yellow spots on top. This leads to leaf loss, reducing fruit growth. L. taurica has a complex life cycle involving mycelium, conidia for asexual reproduction, and overwintering chasmothecia. It infects many plants like tomatoes, onions, and peppers. Management involves contact fungicides like potassium bicarbonate or neem oil.
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Symptoms, host range, taxonomy and life cycle of Leveillula
- 1. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore Kullapuram, Via Vaigai dam, Theni-625 562 Symptoms, host range, taxonomy and life cycle of Leveillula STUDENT COURSE TEACHER Miss. SHIVASHINI. R Dr. PARTHASARATHY. S ID. No. 2017021065 Asst. Prof., (Plant Pathology)
- 2. INTRODUCTION: • Among various Leveillula sp., Leveillula taurica is the most important plant pathogen that causes powdery mildew of some species. • This powdery mildew disease prefers warm, dry environment. • This pathogen causes Oidiopsis type of powdery mildew. • Its teleomorph is Oidiopsis taurica.
- 4. S SYMPTOMS OF POWDERY MILDEW BY Leveillula taurica • The leaf blade is the most affected organ. • Symptoms appears on both ventral and dorsal side of the leaf blade. • Early symptoms-Bottom side of the leaf as whithish spots that gradually expand and look “fluffy”.
- 5. • As the disease symptoms progress, the top side of the leaves will exhibit yellowish spots corresponding to the bottom leaf spots. • Extensive leaf shedding is caused due to Leveillula taurica. • Leaf loss leads to poor fruit growth and exposes fruit to the sun, increasing potential to sun scorch.
- 6. SYMPTOMSj SYMPTOMS IN CHILLI SYMPTOMS IN ONION
- 7. SYSTEMATIC POSITION: Kingdom : Fungi Phylum : Ascomycota Class : Leotiomycetes Subclass : Leotiomycetidae Order : Erysiphales Family : Erysiphaceae Genus : Leveillula Species : Leveillula taurica
- 8. FUNGAL CHARACTERS OF Leivellula taurica: • It is an Oidiopsis type of fungi. Mycelium: • Mycelium is found on both intracellular and extracellular. • Mycelium is endophytic, branched, septate. Asexual Reproduction: • Haustoria: Present in epidermis and spongy cells.
- 9. • Conidiophore: Hyaline, long branched septate. • Conidium: Single celled, hyaline, clavate shaped [club shaped]. • Conidiophores emerge through stomata in clusters bearing a single conidium at the tip. Sexual Reproduction: • Chasmothecium: They are black with myceloid appendages.
- 10. • At the end of the growing season, powdery mildew fungi produce sexual spores called ascospores in a sac like ascus enclosed in a fruiting body called chasmothecium. • Each chasmothecium contains 8-12 ovoid asci with basally arranged ascospores.
- 11. HOST RANGE HOST RANGE: • Leveillula taurica can infect many different plants, it is actually very host specific. • Different races of Leveillula taurica can infect certain crops and even specific cultivars within the same crop. • An accurate way to express its host specificity is that “a composite species consisting of many host-specific races”.
- 12. • The most familiar families in agriculture which are infected by Leveillula taurica are Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Brassicaceae, Leguminaceae and Asteraceae. • Some of the host plants of Leveillula taurica are tomato, onion, chilli, castor, cluster bean, red gram, brinjal, etc.,
- 13. MICROSCOPIC VIEW: 1] Infected leaf of Onion. 2] Internal mycelium growing among mesophyll cells. 3] Conidiophores emerging from stomata. 4] Short chain consist of primary conidium subtended by secondary conidium and immature conidium (arrow).
- 14. 5] Primary conidium germinating near apex. 6] Two primary (pyriform or boat shape) and four secondary (cylindrical or elliptical shape). 7] Branched conidiophore.
- 15. 8] Detail of secondary conidium showing reticulate folds and minute wart- like punctuations. 9] Conidial secession scar at the end of secondary conidium. 10] Chasmothecia surrounded by hyphae. 11] Ascus with two ascospores. 12] Ascospores.
- 16. LIFE CYCLE OF Leveillula taurica: • The polycyclic disease cycle of Leveillula taurica is similar to that of other powdery mildew species. • It spends the winter as chasmothecia in crop residues above the soil surface. • Under favourable climatic conditions, the chasmothecia open and releases ascospores, which are wind-dispersed.
- 17. • The ascospores enter the host through the stomata, germinate and colonize the host’s tissues with its mycelia. • The pathogen then begins to produce its asexual conidia, either singly or on branched conidiophores. • The conidia exit through the host’s stomata and serve as a secondary inoculum to spread disease after initial infection.
- 18. • In the unfavourable conditions, the pathogen undergoes sexual reproduction and again produces chasmothecia, its dormant [overwintering] structure.
- 19. MANAGEMENT: • Potassium bicarbonate is a contact fungicide which kills the powdery mildew spores quickly. • In addition, it is approved in organic growing. • Neem oil can also be used.
- 20. REFERENCES: • Aneja K R, Mehrotra R S, 2015. An Introduction to Mycology – (2nd edition). New age International Publishers. • Dude H C, 2013.An Introduction to Fungi – (4th edition). Scientific Publishers. • Alexopoulos C J, Mims C W, Blackwell M, 2014. Introductory Mycology – (4th edition) . Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.,