Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats - EUR27

The Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats - EUR27 is a scientificreference document. It is based on the version for EUR15, which was adopted bythe Habitats Committee on 4. October 1999 and consolidated with the new andamended habitat types for the 10 accession countries as adopted by the HabitatsCommittee on 14 March 2002 with additional changes for the accession of Bulgariaand Romania as adopted by the Habitats Committee on 13 April 2007 and formarine habitats to follow the descriptions given in “Guidelines for the establishmentof the Natura 2000 network in the marine environment. Application of the Habitatsand Birds Directives” published in May 2007 by the Commission services. A smallamendment to Habitat type 91D0 was adopted by the Habitats Committee in itsmeeting on 14 th October 2003.

TABLE OF CONTENTSWHY THIS MANUAL? 3HISTORICAL REVIEW 3THE MANUAL 4THE EUR15 VERSION 5THE EUR25 VERSION 5THE EUR27 VERSION 6EXPLANATORY NOTES 7COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC HABITATS 8OPEN SEA AND TIDAL AREAS 8SEA CLIFFS AND SHINGLE OR STONY BEACHES 17ATLANTIC AND CONTINENTAL SALT MARSHES AND SALT MEADOWS 20MEDITERRANEAN AND THERMO-ATLANTIC SALTMARSHES AND SALT MEADOWS 22SALT AND GYPSUM INLAND STEPPES 24BOREAL BALTIC ARCHIPELAGO, COASTAL AND LANDUPHEAVAL AREAS 26COASTAL SAND DUNES AND INLAND DUNES 29SEA DUNES OF THE ATLANTIC, NORTH SEA AND BALTIC COASTS 29SEA DUNES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST 35INLAND DUNES, OLD AND DECALCIFIED 36FRESHWATER HABITATS 38STANDING WATER 38RUNNING WATER 44TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB 48SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB (MATORRAL) 57SUB-MEDITERRANEAN AND TEMPERATE SCRUB 57MEDITERRANEAN ARBORESCENT MATORRAL 59THERMO-MEDITERRANEAN AND PRE-STEPPE BRUSH 60PHRYGANA 62NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONS 64NATURAL GRASSLANDS 64SEMI-NATURAL DRY GRASSLANDS AND SCRUBLAND FACIES 69SCLEROPHILLOUS GRAZED FORESTS (DEHESAS) 76SEMI-NATURAL TALL-HERB HUMID MEADOWS 76MESOPHILE GRASSLANDS 80RAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS 82SPHAGNUM ACID BOGS 82CALCAREOUS FENS 86BOREAL MIRES 89Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 1

ROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES 90SCREE 90ROCKY SLOPES WITH CHASMOPHYTIC VEGETATION 94OTHER ROCKY HABITATS 98FORESTS 99FORESTS OF BOREAL EUROPE 99FORESTS OF TEMPERATE EUROPE 105MEDITERRANEAN DECIDUOUS FORESTS 125MEDITERRANEAN SCLEROPHYLLOUS FORESTS 130TEMPERATE MOUNTAINOUS CONIFEROUS FORESTS 134MEDITERRANEAN AND MACARONESIAN MOUNTAINOUS CONIFEROUS FORESTS 136Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 2

WHY THIS MANUAL?Historical reviewThe "Habitats" Directive 1 is a Community legislative instrument in the field of nature conservation thatestablishes a common framework for the conservation of wild animal and plant species and natural habitatsof Community importance; it provides for the creation of a network of special areas of conservation, calledNatura 2000, to "maintain and restore, at favourable conservation status, natural habitats and species ofwild fauna and flora of Community interest".Animal and plant species names are clearly presented in the Directive and, despite minor misspellings or useof synonyms, no major additional work needs to be done to allow a correct interpretation of Annex II. Incontrast, the development of a common agreed definition appeared to be essential for the different habitattypes of Annex I.Annex I lists today 231 European natural habitat types, including 71 priority (i.e. habitat types in danger ofdisappearance and whose natural range mainly falls within the territory of the European Union). Annex I isbased on the hierarchical classification of European habitats developed by the CORINE Biotopes project 2since that was the only existing classification at European level. A draft list of habitat types for Annex I wastherefore drawn up on the basis of this classification by Professor A. Noirfalise and submitted to the nationalexperts preparing the Directive as a working document in August 1989. Numerous discussions with thenational experts then took place between 1989 and 1991, culminating in the version of Annex I published inthe Official Journal in May 1992.In December 1991, while the Directive was being adopted, a thorough revision of the CORINE classificationwas published 3 . This revision introduced numerous changes within codes and habitat types, in particularinvolving the division of the latter into sub-types. Definitions had been prepared for the various categories.Consequently, the Annex I codes no longer corresponded fully to the codes and descriptive content of thevarious categories of CORINE, resulting in considerable ambiguities in the interpretation of Annex I on thebasis of the CORINE classification. The Task Force/European Environment Agency thus produced a paperestablishing the correspondence between the habitat codes of Annex I and those of the 1991 version of theCORINE classification 4 . This paper also included the description proposed in the 1991 CORINE version forthe various habitat types of Annex I.1234Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, O.J. L206,22.07.92CORINE Biotopes - Technical Handbook, volume 1, p. 73-109, Corine/Biotopes/89-2.2, 19 May 1988, partially updated 14February 1989.CORINE Biotopes manual, Habitats of the European Community. EUR 12587/3, Office for Official Publications of theEuropean Communities, 1991.Relation between the Directive 92/43/EEC Annex I habitats and the CORINE habitat list 1991 (EUR 12587/3). Version 1 - Draft,November 1992. CEC-DG XI, Task Force Agency (EEA-TF).Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 3

The manualHaving in mind all these difficulties of classification, the Scientific Working Group, set up by the HabitatsCommittee (established by Directive 92/43/EEC), expressed in May 1992 the need to prepare a manual for theinterpretation of Annex I. Following a call for proposals the Commission charged Professor Thanghe fromthe Université Libre de Bruxelles to prepare a draft manual 5 .Following several meetings of the Scientific Working Group, the Commission agreed the two following pointswith the national experts:(1) The interpretation work on Annex I should primarily focus on the priority habitat types.(2) The CORINE classification (1991 version) provides a basis for a description of the Annex Ihabitat types; where the experts feel that it is not suitable, an operational scientific descriptionshould be produced from the contributions of the national experts.In September 1993 the Université Libre de Bruxelles finalised the study relating to the interpretation ofAnnex I priority habitat types. This study focused on the drafting of an eight field descriptive sheet drawn upon the basis of written and oral scientific contributions from the national experts. Each sheet gathers theinformation on national and regional particularities, as well as types of associated habitats. The manual for theinterpretation of Annex I priority habitat types of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC was compiled by theCommission (DG XI), based on the study of the Université Libre de Bruxelles, the contributions of thenational experts, and the CORINE classification (1991 version); this document was approved by the HabitatsCommittee in February 1994 (Doc. HABITATS 94/3 FINAL).Following the adoption of the priority habitats manual, the experts identified a set of 36 non priority habitattypes also causing interpretation problems. An interpretation document was drafted by the Université Libre deBruxelles, discussed in a meeting of the Scientific Working Group (December 1994) and revised accordingly6 .On April 1995 the Habitats Committee approved the EUR12 version of the ‘Interpretation Manual ofEuropean Union Habitats’ 7 , which incorporated:i) the descriptive sheets for priority habitats 8 , which establish clear, operational scientificdefinitions of habitat types, using pragmatic descriptive elements (e.g. characteristic plants),and taking into consideration regional variation;ii)iii)the descriptive sheets of 36 non priority habitats similar to those used for priority habitats;the CORINE Biotopes definitions³ for the remaining non priority habitats; these definitionsshould be considered 'a minimal interpretation', not exclusive; some CORINE definitions donot take account of sub-types, regional varieties and/or do not cover all the geographicalrange of an habitat type - this fact should be recognised, thus allowing a certain flexibility inthe interpretation of these Annex I habitat types.The contents of the manual did not take into account the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden, which hasresulted in the inclusion of a new biogeographical region (the Boreal region) in the Directive. These newMember States have asked for the introduction in Annex I of several priority habitat types that are restricted oronly apply to them. In order not to delay the distribution of the manual, the Commission has decided to5678Étude relative au projet de manuel technique d'interprétation de l'Annexe I de la Directive habitats 92/43/CEE. Rapport final,September 1993. Université Libre de Bruxelles (contrat n° 4-3040(92)15504).Étude relative au projet de manuel technique d'interprétation de l'Annexe I de la Directive habitats 92/43/CEE - Typesd'habitats non prioritaires. Rapport final, Janvier 1995. Université Libre de Bruxelles (contrat n° B4-3040/94/000212/MAR/B2).Also available in French under the title 'Manuel d'interpretation des habitat de l'Union européenne'From Doc. HABITATS 94/3 FINALInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 4

publish that first version (EUR12) and envisaged the preparation of a second version (EUR15) in order toincorporate new information (mainly on distribution and regional sub-types).THE EUR15 VERSIONThe prime objective of the EUR15 version was to update the old EUR12 version. Descriptive sheets wereadded for the 11 priority types attached to Annex I when Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the Union 9 ; itfurther incorporates comments for other Annex I habitats occurring in those Member States, and corrects, oradds, newly acquired information.The 1991 classification (Habitats of the European Community) was extended in 1993 to the whole Palaearcticregion 10 , namely with the inclusion of the Nordic vegetation classification; this classification wassupplemented in 1995 with text descriptions, phytosociological units and references; a computer database tool(PHYSIS 11 ) was developed to support this work. The EUR15 version updated the definitions of those habitattypes for which the CORINE 1991 has been used, on the basis of the information contained in the PHYSISdatabase. Accordingly, the CORINE codes are also replaced by the 'Palaearctic codes'. In situations whereambiguities exist between the definitions contained in this manual and those of the Palaearctic habitatsclassification or PHYSIS data base, it is intended that the definitions of this manual should take precedence.This work was adopted by the Habitats Committee on 13.9.1996. The 2 nd edition adopted on the 4 th October1999 included amendments for the Boreal biogeographical region to the Annex I 12 and the removal of thereference to the geographical distribution of habitats (which is included in the reference lists of the habitatstypes by biogeographic region).THE EUR25 VERSIONThe EUR25 version of the Interpretation Manual includes descriptions of new habitats and amendments tosome existing habitats resulting from the expected addition of 10 new Member states in May 2004.After extensive discussions among Member States, Accession Countries and the European Commission, 20new habitat types were accepted to be added to Annex I, and respective descriptions of these new typeswere adopted by the Habitats Committee on 14 March 2002. Additionally several of the habitat typesproposed have been agreed to be variations of existing habitats and therefore some amendments to existinghabitats were necessary in order to reflect the habitats as found in the EU25 area. In the frame of theAccession Treaty 2003, signed in April 2003 in Athens, new consolidated annexes were prepared includingthe 20 new habitat types.The descriptions of new habitats have been prepared by the European Topic Centre on Nature Protectionand Biodiversity using the PHYSIS database as the main source. This description was then compared withthe information given in the proposal from accession countries and if judged necessary amended. The listsof plants in particular are usually a composite of both sources. In a second step, comments from bothAccession Countries and Member States were taken into account, which led to the new definitionsenclosed.The fact that many of the habitat types of Annex I are qualified by biogeographical terms such asMediterranean, Alpine, Medio-European, etc., meaning that they have their main occurrence in a givenbiogeographical region, does not exclude the possibility of finding the same habitat types in otherbiogeographical regions. In fact, these often isolated occurrences have a major scientific and conservationvalue. The users of the manual will need to employ a certain flexibility of interpretation, particularly in thoseareas where the habitat types are very fragmentary and influenced by human activities.9101112Accession Act of Austria, Finland and Sweden (OJ L1,1.1.1995, p.135)Devillers, P. & Devillers-Terschuren, J. (1993). A classification of Palaearctic habitats. Strasbourg: Council of EuropeInstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de BelgiqueCouncil Directive 97/62/EC of 27 October 1997 adapting to technical and scientific progress Directive 92/43/EC on theconservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, O.J. L305, 8.11.1997.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 5

THE EUR27 VERSIONThe EUR27 version of the Interpretation Manual includes descriptions of new habitats and amendments tosome existing habitats resulting from Bulgaria and Romania joining the European Union in 2007 as publishedin Council Directive 2006/105/EC (OJ L 363, 20.12.2006, p. 368).After extensive discussions among Member States, Accession Countries and the European Commission, 13new habitat types were accepted to be added to Annex I, and descriptions of these new types were adoptedby the Habitats Committee on 13 April 2007 by written procedure. Additionally several of the habitat typesproposed have been agreed to be variations of existing habitats and therefore some amendments to existinghabitats were necessary in order to reflect the habitats as found in the EU27 area .Descriptions of marine habitats 1110, 1170 and 1180 have also been revised to take into account newinterpretations adopted by the Habitats Committee on 20 November 2006 by written procedure. Theseinterpretations are given in “Guidelines for the establishment of the Natura 2000 network in the marineenvironment. Application of the Habitats and Birds Directives”, published in May 2007 by the CommissionServices.Some minor errors have also been corrected.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 6

Explanatory NotesThe habitat types are grouped and sorted according to Annex I of the Directive.Name of the habitat type;an asterisk (*) indicates apriority habitatNatura 2000 code; this is the four digitcode given in the Natura 2000 standarddata-entry form (Appendix B)Code(s) based on "A classification ofPalaearctic habitats" 1995 versionDefinition - general description of thevegetation, syntaxa, abiotic features, originCharacteristic animal and plant species,including details of their occurrence inAnnex II and IV (*=priority, #=nonpriorityfrom Annex II/IV, +=Annex IV only)Corresponding categories, sub-types,regional varieties, correspondence withother classification systems, typical sitesHabitat types generally associated in thefield (phytodynamic successions, zonationsor mosaics)2140 * Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrumPAL.CLASS.: 16.231) Decalcified dunes colonised by Empetrum nigrum heaths of the coasts.Syntaxa associated to this habitat type: Empetrion nigri, CallunoGenistion pilosae p., Ericion tetralicis p.The term "fixed" should be taken to mean the opposite of "shifting". Thepsychrophilic coastal association Carici trinervis-Callunetum vulgaris deFoucault & Gehu 78 may be included here.2) Plants: Carex arenaria, Empetrum nigrum, Genista tinctoria, Pyrolarotundifolia.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H11b Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenariaheath community, Empetrum nigrum ssp. nigrum sub-community".German classification : "100401 Krähenbeer-Heide der Küsten".InGermany highly endangered coastal Empetrum nigrum heathland onthe Geest are included.Nordic classification: "4143 Calluna vulgaris-Empetrum nigrum-Carexarenaria-typ".4) Humid dune slacks (16.3), grey dunes (16.22), wooded dunes (16.22,16.25).5) Mc.Manus, D. (1988). Plant community dynamics on sand dunes atMurlough National Nature Reserve, Dundrum, Co. Down, NorthernIreland. M.Phil. Thesis, University of Ulster.Olsson, H. (1993). Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In:van der Maarel, E. (ed.) Ecosystems of the world 2A. Dry coastalecosystems, polar regions and Europe. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 131-143.Bibliographical references, others thanthose mentioned in the"PHYSIS" databaseInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 7

COASTAL AND HALOPHYTIC HABITATSOpen sea and tidal areas1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water allthe timePAL.CLASS.: 11.125, 11.22, 11.31, 11.3331) Sandbanks are elevated, elongated, rounded or irregular topographic features, permanentlysubmerged and predominantly surrounded by deeper water. They consist mainly of sandysediments, but larger grain sizes, including boulders and cobbles, or smaller grain sizes includingmud may also be present on a sandbank. Banks where sandy sediments occur in a layer over hardsubstrata are classed as sandbanks if the associated biota are dependent on the sand rather than onthe underlying hard substrata.“Slightly covered by sea water all the time” means that above a sandbank the water depth is seldommore than 20 m below chart datum. Sandbanks can, however, extend beneath 20 m below chartdatum. It can, therefore, be appropriate to include in designations such areas where they are part ofthe feature and host its biological assemblages.2) Plants:North Atlantic including North Sea - Zostera sp., free living species of the Corallinaceae family.On many sandbanks macrophytes do not occur.Central Atlantic Islands (Macaronesian Islands) - Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii. On manysandbanks free living species of Corallinaceae are conspicuous elements of biotic assemblages,with relevant role as feeding and nursery grounds for invertebrates and fish. On many sandbanksmacrophytes do not occur.Baltic Sea - Zostera sp., Potamogeton spp., Ruppia spp., Tolypella nidifica, Zannichellia spp.,carophytes. On many sandbanks macrophytes do not occur.Mediterranean - The marine Angiosperm Cymodocea nodosa, together with photophilic species ofalgae living on the leaves (more than 15 species, mainly small red algae of the Ceramiaceaefamily), associated with Posidonia beds. On many sandbanks macrophytes do not occur.Animals:North Atlantic including North Sea - Invertebrate and demersal fish communities of sandysublittoral (e.g. polychaete worms, crustacea, anthozoans, burrowing bivalves and echinoderms,Ammodytes spp., Callionymus spp., Pomatoschistus spp., Echiichtys vipera, Pleuronectes platessa,Limanda limanda).Central Atlantic Islands (Macaronesian Islands) - Fish, crustacean, polychaeta, hydrozoan,burrowing bivalves, irregular echinoderms.Baltic Sea - Invertebrate and demersal fish communities of sandy sublittoral (fine and mediumgrained sands, coarse sands, gravely sands), e.g. polychaetes: Scoloplus armiger, Pygospio elegans,Nereis diversicolor, Travisia sp., e.g. bivalves: Macoma balthica, Mya arenaria, Cerastoderma sp.,e.g. crustaceans: Crangon crangon, Saduria entomon, e.g. fish species: Platichthys flesus, Nerophisophidion, Pomatoschistus spp., Ammodytes tobianus.Mediterranean - Invertebrate communities of sandy sublittoral (e.g. polychaetes). Banks are oftenhighly important as feeding, resting or nursery grounds for sea birds, fish or marine mammals.3) Corresponding categoriesFrench classification: ZNIEFF-MER: “Biocénose des sables fins de haut niveau”, “Biocénose dessables fins bien calibrés”.German classification: “Sandbank der Ostsee (ständig wasserbedeckt)(040202a)”, “Sandbank derNordsee (ständig wasserbedeckt)(030202a)“.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 8

Barcelona Convention: “Biocenosis of fine sands in very shallow waters (III. 2. 1.) with facies withLentidium mediterraneum (III. 2. 1. 1.)”, “Biocenosis of well sorted fine sands (III. 2. 2.) withassociations with Cymodocea nodosa on well sorted fine sands (III. 2. 2. 1.) and withHolophila stipulacela (III. 2. 2. 2), the latter considered determinant habitat in C. B.”,“Biocenosis of coarse sands and fine gravels mixed by the waves (III. 3. 1.) with associationwith rhodolithes (III. 3. 1. 1), considered determinant habitat in the C. B.”, “Biocenosis ofcoarse sands and fine gravels under the influence of bottom currents (also found in theCircalittoral) (III. 3. 2.). It is possible to find a facies and an association which are determinanthabitats for C. B.: the maërl facies (= Association with Lithothamnion corallioides andPhymatoliton calcareum), also found as facies of the biocenosis of coastal detritic (III. 3. 2.1), and the association with rhodolithes (III. 3. 2. 2.)”, “Biocenosis of infralittoral pebbles (III.4. 1.) with facies with Gouania wildenowi (III. 4. 1. 1.), small teleostean which lives amongpebbles.”Vegetationstyper i Norden (Påhlsson (ed.) 1994): “Zostera marina-typ (4.4.1.1)”, “Ruppia maritimatyp(4.4.1.2)”, “Chara-typ (6.3.3.1)”, “Potamogeton pectinatus (6.3.2.2)”.Kustbiotoper i Norden (Nordiska Ministerrådet 2001): “Sandbottnar (7.7.1.2; 7.8.1.2; 7.8.4.2; 7.8.5.2;7.8.6.7; 7.8.6.8; 7.8.6.9; 7.8.7.9; 7.8.7.10; 7.8.7.11; 7.9.1.1.; 7.9.2.1; 7.9.3.1; 7.9.4.1).”HELCOM classification: “Sublittoral gravel bottoms. Banks with or without macrophytevegetation (2.4.2.3)”, “Sublittoral sandy bottoms. Banks with or without macrophytevegetation (2.5.2.4)”.The National Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 03.02: Relevant typeswithin “Sublittoral coarse sediments (SCS), Sublittoral sands (SSA) and Sublittoralmacrophytes communities (SMP)”.EUNIS classification: Relevant types within “A4.4, A4.55, A4.1, A4.2, A4.51, A4.5, A4.53, A4.1,A4.2, A4.51, A4.5, A4.53, A4.4, A4.55, A7.32, A4.51, A4.53, A4.552, 4.521, A4.521,A4.513, A6.22, A4.51, A4.141, A4.13, A8.13”.4) Sandbanks can be found in association with mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at lowtide (1140), with Posidonia beds (1120) and reefs (1170). Sandbanks may also be a component partof habitat 1130 Estuaries and habitat 1160 Large shallow inlets and bays.5) Augier H. (1982). Inventaire et classification des biocénoses marines benthiques de laMéditerranée. Publication du Conseil de l’ Europe, Coll. Sauvegarde de la Nature, 25, 59 pages.Dyer Kr & Huntley Da (1999). The origin, classification and modelling of sand banks and ridges.Continental Shelf Research 19 1285-1330Connor, D.W., Allen, J.H., Golding, N., Lieberknecht, L.M., Northen, K.O. & Reker, J.B.(2003). The National Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 03.02. Internetversion. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.(www.jncc.gov.uk/marine/biotopes/default.htm)Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Ericson, L. & Wallentinus, H.-G. (1979). Sea-shore vegetation around the Gulf of Bothnia. Guidefor the International Society for Vegetation Science, July-August 1977. Wahlenbergia 5:1 – 142.European Environment Agency (2002). EUNIS habitat classification. Version 2.3. Copenhagen,EEA (Internet publication: http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/habitats.jsp )Haroun, R.J., Gil-Rodríguez, M.C., Díaz De Castro, J. & Prud’homme Van Reine, W.F.(2002). A check-list of the marine plants from the Canary Islands (Central Eastern Atlantic Ocean).Botanica Marina. 45: 139-169.Helcom (1998). Red List of Biotopes and Biotope Complexes of the Baltic Sea, the Belt Sea andthe Kattegat. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 75.: 126pp.Kautsky, N. (1974). Quantitative investigations of the red algae belt in the Askö area, NorthernBaltic proper. Contrib. Askö Lab. Univ. Stockholm 3: 1-29.Lappalainen, A., Hällfors, G. & Kangas, P. (1977). Littoral benthos of the northern Baltic Sea.IV. Pattern and dynamics of macrobenthos in a sandy bottom Zostera marina community inTvärminne.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 9

Nordheim, H. Von, Norden Andersen, O. & Thissen, J. (Eds.) (1996). Red Lists of Biotopes,Flora and Fauna of the Trilateral Wadden Sea Area 1995. Helgol. Meeresuntersuchungen. 50(suppl.): 136 pp.Nordiska Ministerrådet (2001). Kustbiotoper i Norden. Hotade och representativa biotoper.TemaNord 2001: 536. 345 pp.Oulasvirta, P., Leinikki, J. & Reitalu, T. (2001). Underwater biotopes in Väinameri and Kõpuarea, Western Estonia. The Finnish Environment 497.Pavón-Salas, N., Herrera, R., Hernández-Guerra, A. & Haroun R. (2000). Distributionalpattern of sea grasses in the Canary Islands (Central-East Atlantic Ocean). J. Coastal Research,16: 329-335.Påhlsson, L. (Ed.) (1994). Vegetationstyper i Norden. TemaNord 1994: 665. 627 pp.Perès J. M. & Picard J. (1964). Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Méditerranée.Rec. Trav. St. Mar. Endoume 31 (47): 5-137.Ravanko, O. (1968). Macroscopic Green, Brown And Red Algae In The South-WesternArchipelago Of Finland. Acta Bot. Fennica 79: 1-50.Riecken, U., Ries, U. & Ssymank, A. (1994). Rote Liste der gefährdeten Biotoptypen derBundesrepublik Deutschland - Schriftenreihe für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz. 41: 184 pp.1120 * Posidonia beds (Posidonion oceanicae)PAL.CLASS.: 11.341) Beds of Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile characteristic of the infralittoral zone of theMediterranean (depth: ranging from a few dozen centimetres to 30 - 40 metres). On hard or softsubstrate, these beds constitute one of the main climax communities. They can withstand relativelylarge variations in temperature and water movement, but are sensitive to desalination, generallyrequiring a salinity of between 36 and 39‰.2) Plants: Posidonia oceanica.Animals: Molluscs- #Pinna nobilis; Echinoderms- Asterina pancerii, Paracentrotus lividus; Fish-Epinephelus guaza, Hippocampus ramulosus.5) Belsher, T. et al (1987). Livre rouge des espèces menacées de France - tome 2, espèces marineset littorales menacées, Ed. F. de Beaufort. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle - Paris.1130 EstuariesPAL.CLASS.: 13.2, 11.21) Downstream part of a river valley, subject to the tide and extending from the limit of brackish waters.River estuaries are coastal inlets where, unlike 'large shallow inlets and bays' there is generally asubstantial freshwater influence. The mixing of freshwater and sea water and the reduced current flowsin the shelter of the estuary lead to deposition of fine sediments, often forming extensive intertidal sandand mud flats. Where the tidal currents are faster than flood tides, most sediments deposit to form adelta at the mouth of the estuary.Baltic river mouths, considered as an estuary subtype, have brackish water and no tide, with largewetland vegetation (helophytic) and luxurious aquatic vegetation in shallow water areas.2) Plants: Benthic algal communities, Zostera beds e.g. Zostera noltii (Zosteretea) or vegetation ofbrackish water: Ruppia maritima (= R. rostellata (Ruppietea)); Spartina maritima (Spartinetea);Sarcocornia perennis (Arthrocnemetea). Both species of fresh water and brackish water can beInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 10

found in Baltic river mouths (Carex spp., Myriophyllum spp., Phragmites australis, Potamogetonspp., Scirpus spp.).Animals: Invertebrate benthic communities; important feeding areas for many birds.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "D2a Ästuare (Fließgewässermündungen mit Brackwassereinfluß u./od.Tidenhub eingeschlossen werden", "050105 Brackwasserwatt des Ästuare an der Nordsee","050106 Süßwasserwatt im Tideeinfluß des Nordsee".4) An estuary forms an ecological unit with the surrounding terrestrial coastal habitat types. In terms ofnature conservation, these different habitat types should not be separated, and this reality must be takeninto account during the selection of sites.5) Brunet, R. et al. Les mots de la géographie-dictionnaire critique. Ed. Reclus.Gillner, W. (1960). Vegetations- und Standortsuntersuchungen in den Strandwiesen derschwedischen Westküste. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 43:1-198.1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at lowtidePAL.CLASS.: 141) Sands and muds of the coasts of the oceans, their connected seas and associated lagoons, notcovered by sea water at low tide, devoid of vascular plants, usually coated by blue algae anddiatoms. They are of particular importance as feeding grounds for wildfowl and waders. Thediverse intertidal communities of invertebrates and algae that occupy them can be used to definesubdivisions of 11.27, eelgrass communities that may be exposed for a few hours in the course ofevery tide have been listed under 11.3, brackish water vegetation of permanent pools by use ofthose of 11.4.Note: Eelgrass communities (11.3) are included in this habitat type.1150 * Coastal lagoonsPAL.CLASS.: 211) Lagoons are expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity and water volume, wholly orpartially separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle, or, less frequently, by rocks. Salinity mayvary from brackish water to hypersalinity depending on rainfall, evaporation and through the additionof fresh seawater from storms, temporary flooding of the sea in winter or tidal exchange. With orwithout vegetation from Ruppietea maritimae, Potametea, Zosteretea or Charetea (CORINE 91:23.21 or 23.22).- Flads and gloes, considered a Baltic variety of lagoons, are small, usually shallow, more or lessdelimited water bodies still connected to the sea or have been cut off from the sea very recentlyby land upheaval. Characterised by well-developed reedbeds and luxuriant submerged vegetationand having several morphological and botanical development stages in the process whereby seabecomes land.- Salt basins and salt ponds may also be considered as lagoons, providing they had their origin on atransformed natural old lagoon or on a saltmarsh, and are characterised by a minor impact fromexploitation.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 11

2) Plants: Callitriche spp., Chara canescens, C. baltica, C. connivens, Eleocharis parvula,Lamprothamnion papulosum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Ranunculus baudotii, Ruppia maritima,Tolypella n. nidifica. In flads and gloes also Chara ssp.(Chara tomentosa), Lemna trisulca, Najasmarina, Phragmites australis, Potamogeton ssp., Stratiotes aloides, Typha spp.Animals: Cnidaria- Edwardsia ivelli; Polychaeta- Armandia cirrhosa; Bryozoa- Victorella pavida;Rotifera - Brachionus sp.; Molluscs- Abra sp., Murex sp.; Crustaceans- Artema sp.; Fish- Cyprinussp., Mullus barbatus; Reptiles- Testudo sp.; Amphibians- Hyla sp.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "0906 Strandsee", "240601 Brackwassersee im Ostseeküstenbereich".4) Saltmarshes form part of this complex.5) Bamber et al. (1992). On the ecology of brackish lagoons in Great Britain. Aquatic conservation:marine and freshwater ecosystems, 2, 65-94.Barnes, R.S.K. (1988). The faunas of landlocked lagoons: chance differences and problems ofdispersal. Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science, 26, 309 - 18.Munsterhjelm, R. (1995). The aquatic macrophyte vegetation of flads and gloes, S coast ofFinland. Acta Bot. Fennica (in print).Palmer, M.A., Bell, S.L., Butterfield, I. (1992). A botanical classification of standing waters:Applications for conservation and monitoring. Aquatic conservation: marine and freshwaterecosystems, 2, 125-143.1160 Large shallow inlets and baysPAL.CLASS.: 121) Large indentations of the coast where, in contrast to estuaries, the influence of freshwater is generallylimited. These shallow 13 indentations are generally sheltered from wave action and contain a greatdiversity of sediments and substrates with a well developed zonation of benthic communities. Thesecommunities have generally a high biodiversity. The limit of shallow water is sometimes defined by thedistribution of the Zosteretea and Potametea associations.Several physiographic types may be included under this category providing the water is shallow over amajor part of the area: embayments, fjards, rias and voes.2) Plants: Zostera spp., Ruppia maritima, Potamogeton spp. (e.g. P. pectinatus, P. praelongus), benthicalgae.Animals: Benthic invertebrate communities.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "B31 naturnaher Boddengewässerkomplex", "B32 Boddengewässerkomplex,geringe Belastung", "A2a Flachwasserzonen der Nordsee (Meeresarme u. -buchten, incl.Seegraswiesen)".5) Luther, (1951). Verbreitung und Ökologie der höheren Wasserpflanzen im Brackwasser derEkenäs-Gegend in Süd-Finnland. I. Allgemeiner Teil. ABF 49, 1-232. II Spezieller Teill. ABF 50,1-370.13National experts consider inappropriate to fix a maximum water depth, since the term 'shallow' may have differentecological interpretations according to the physiographic type considered and geographical location.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 12

1170 ReefsPAL.CLASS.: 11.24, 11.251) Reefs can be either biogenic concretions or of geogenic origin. They are hard compact substrata onsolid and soft bottoms, which arise from the sea floor in the sublittoral and littoral zone. Reefs maysupport a zonation of benthic communities of algae and animal species as well as concretions andcorallogenic concretions.Clarifications:- “Hard compact substrata” are: rocks (including soft rock, e.g. chalk), boulders and cobbles(generally >64 mm in diameter).- “Biogenic concretions” are defined as: concretions, encrustations, corallogenic concretions andbivalve mussel beds originating from dead or living animals, i.e. biogenic hard bottoms whichsupply habitats for epibiotic species.- “Geogenic origin” means: reefs formed by non biogenic substrata.- “Arise from the sea floor" means: the reef is topographically distinct from the surrounding seafloor.- “Sublittoral and littoral zone” means: the reefs may extend from the sublittoral uninterrupted intothe intertidal (littoral) zone or may only occur in the sublittoral zone, including deep waterareas such as the bathyal.- Such hard substrata that are covered by a thin and mobile veneer of sediment are classed as reefs ifthe associated biota are dependent on the hard substratum rather than the overlying sediment.- Where an uninterrupted zonation of sublittoral and littoral communities exist, the integrity of theecological unit should be respected in the selection of sites.- A variety of subtidal topographic features are included in this habitat complex such as:Hydrothermal vent habitats, sea mounts, vertical rock walls, horizontal ledges, overhangs,pinnacles, gullies, ridges, sloping or flat bed rock, broken rock and boulder and cobble fields.2) Plants:North Atlantic including North Sea and Baltic Sea: - A large variety of red, brown and green algae(some living on the leaves of other algae).Atlantic (Cantabric Sea, Bay of Biscay): - Gelidium sesquipedale communities associated withbrown algae (Fucus, Laminaria, Cystoseira), and red algae (Corallinaceae, Ceramiceae,Rhodomelaceae).Central Atlantic Islands (Macaronesian Islands) and Mediterranean: - Cystoseira/Sargassum bedswith a mixture of other red algae (Gelidiales, Ceramiales), brown algae (Dictyotales) and greenalgae (Siphonales, Siphonacladales).Animals - reef forming species:North Atlantic including North Sea: - Polychaetes (e.g. Sabellaria spinulosa, Sabellaria alveolata,Serpula vermicularis), bivalves (e.g. Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus sp.) and cold water corals (e.g.Lophelia pertusa).Atlantic (Gulf of Cádiz): - Madreporarians communities: Dendrophyllia ramea community (banks),Dendrophyllia cornigera community (banks); white corals communities (banks), (Madrepora oculataand Lophelia pertusa community (banks). Solenosmilia variabilis community (banks). Gorgonianscommunities: Facies of Isidella elongata and Callogorgia verticillata and Viminella flagellum; Faciesof Leptogorgia spp.; Facies of Elisella paraplexauroides; Facies of Acanthogorgia spp. andParamuricea spp. Filigrana implexa formations.Central Atlantic Islands (Macaronesian Islands): - Warm water corals (Dendrophilia, Anthiphates),serpulids, polychaetes, sponges, hydrozoan and briozoan species together with bivalve molluscs(Sphondillus, Pinna).Baltic Sea: - Bivalves (e.g. Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus sp., Dreissena polymorpha).Mediterranean: - Serpulid polychaetes, bivalve molluscs (e.g. Modiolus sp. Mytilus sp. and oysters)Polychaetes (e.g. Sabellaria alveolata).South-West Mediterranean: - Dendropoma petraeum reefs (forming boulders) or in relation with thered calcareous algae Spongites spp or Litophyllum lichenoides. Filigrana implexa formations.Gorgonians communities: Facies of holoaxonia gorgonians (Paramuricea clavata “forest”, EunicellaInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 13

singularis “forest”), mixed facies of gorgonians (Eunicella spp, P. clavata, E. paraplexauroides,Leptogorgia spp). Facies of Isidella elongata and Callogorgia verticillata; Facies of scleroaxoniagorgonians (Corallium rubrum). Madreporarians communities: Cladocora caespitosa reefs, Astroidescalycularis facies. Madreporarians communities: Dendrophyllia ramea community (banks);Dendrophyllia cornigera community (banks); white corals communities (banks): Madrepora oculataand Lophelia pertusa community (banks).West Mediterranean: - Polychaetes (exclusively Sabellaria alveolata).Animals - non reef forming:North Atlantic including North Sea: - In general sessile invertebrates specialized on hard marinesubstrates such as sponges, anthozoa or cnidaria, bryozoans, polychaetes, hydroids, ascidians,molluscs and cirripedia (barnacles) as well as diverse mobile species of crustaceans and fish.Central Atlantic Islands (Macaronesian Islands): - Gorgonians, hydrozoans, bryozoan and sponges,as well as diverse mobile species of crustacean, molluscs (cephalopoda) and fish.Baltic Sea: - Distribution and abundance of invertebrate species settling on hard substrates arelimited by the salinity gradient from west to east. Typical groups are: hydroids, ascidians, cirripedia(barnacles), bryozoans and molluscs as well as diverse mobile species of crustaceans and fish.Mediterranean: - Cirripedia (barnacles), hydroids, bryozoans, ascidians, sponges, gorgonians andpolychaetes as well as diverse mobile species of crustaceans and fish.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : “Benthal der Nordsee mit Hartsubstrat (010204)”, “Riffe der Nordsee(010204a)”, “Benthal der Flachwasserzone der Nordsee mit Hartsubstrat, makrophytenarm(030204)”, “Benthal der Flachwasserzone der Nordsee mit Hartsubstrat, makrophytenreich(030206)”, “Miesmuschelbank des Sublitorals der Nordsee (030207)”, “Austernbank desSublitorals der Nordsee (030208)”, “Sabellaria-Riff des Sublitorals der Nordsee (030209)”,“Felswatt der Nordsee (050104)”, “Miesmuschelbank des Eulitorals der Nordsee(050107)”; “Benthal der Ostsee mit Hartsubstrat (020204)”, “Riffe der Ostsee (020204a)”,“Benthal der Flachwasserzone der Ostsee mit Hartsubstrat, makrophytenarm (040204)”,“Benthal der Flachwasserzone der Ostsee mit Kies- und Hartsubstrat, makrophytenreich(040206)”, “Miesmuschelbank des Sublitorals der Ostsee (040207)”, “VegetationsreichesWindwatt mit Hartsubstrat (060203) (Ostsee)”.Barcelona Convention: “Biocenosis of supralittoral rock (I.4.1.)”, “Biocenosis of the uppermediolittoral rock (II.4.1.)”, “Biocenosis of the lower mediolittoral rock (II.4.2.)”,“Biocenosis of infralittoral algae (III.6.1.)”, “Coralligenous (IV.3.1.)”, “Biocenosis ofshelf-edge rock (IV.3.3 )”, “Biocenosis of deep sea corals present in the Mediterraneanbathyal (V.3.1.)”.The National Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland (Version 03.02): “Littoral rockand other hard substrata (biotopes beginning with LR)”, “Infralittoral rock and other hardsubstrata (biotopes beginning with IR)”, “Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata(biotopes beginning with CR)”, “Littoral biogenic reefs (biotopes beginning with LBR)”and “Sublittoral biogenic reefs (biotopes beginning with SBR)”.EUNIS classification: Relevant types within “A1.1, A1.1/B-ELR.MB, A1.2, A1.2/B-MLR.MF,A1.3, A1.3/B-SLR, A1.4, A1.5, A1.6, A2.8, A3.1, A3.2, A3.2/M-III.6.1.(p), A3.2/H-02.01.01.02.03, A3.2/H-02.01.02.02.03, A3.3, A3.4, A3.5, A3.6, A3.6/B-MCR.M, A3.7,A3.8, A3.9, A3.A, A3.B, A3.C, A4.6, A5.1, A5.6”, A6.2, A6.3.HELCOM classification: “Sublittoral soft rock reefs of the photic zone with little or nomacrophyte vegetation (2.1.1.2.3)”, “Hydrolittoral soft rock reefs with or withoutmacrophyte vegetation (2.1.1.3.3)”, “Sublittoral solid rock reefs of the photic zone with orwithout macrophyte vegetation (2.1.2.2.3)”, “Hydrolittoral solid rock reefs with or withoutmacrophyte vegetation (2.1.2.3.3)”, “Sublittoral stony reefs of the photic zone with orwithout macrophyte vegetation (2.2.2.3)”, “Stony reefs of the hydrolittoral zone with orwithout macrophyte vegetation (2.2.3.3)”.Trilateral Wadden Sea Classification (von Nordheim et al. 1996): “Sublittoral (old) blue musselbeds (03.02.07)”, “Sublittoral oyster reefs (03.02.08)”, “Sublittoral sabellaria reefs(03.02.09)”, “Eulittoral (old) blue mussel beds (05.01.07)”, “Benthic zone, stony and hardbottoms, rich in macrophytes, incl. artificial substrates (03.02.06)”, “Benthic zone, stony andhard bottoms, few macrophytes (03.02.04)”.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 14

Nordic classification (Kustbiotoper i Norden, Nordiska Ministerrådet 2001): “Klippbottnar(7.7.1.3; 7.7.2.3; 7.7.3.3; 7.7.4.3; 7.7.5.3; 7.8.1.3; 7.8.2.3; 7.8.3.4; 7.8.4.3; 7.8.5.3; 7.8.6.13;7.8.7.16)”, “Sublittorale samfund på sten- och klippebund (7.9.1.2)”, “Sublittorale samfundpå stenbund (7.9.2.2; 7.9.3.2)”.4) Reefs can be found in association with “vegetated sea cliffs” (habitats 1230, 1240 and 1250)”sandbanks which are covered by sea water all the time” (1110) and “sea caves” (habitat 8830).Reefs may also be a component part of habitat 1130 “estuaries” and habitat 1160 “large shallowinlets and bays”5) Augier H. (1982). Inventaire et classification des biocénoses marines benthiques de laMéditerranée. Publication du Conseil de l’ Europe, Coll. Sauvegarde de la Nature, 25, 59 pages.Ballesteros E. (1988). Estructura de la comunitad de Cystoseira mediterranea Sauvageau en elMediterraneo noroccidental. Inv. Pesq. 52 (3): 313-334.Ballesteros E. (1990). Structure and dynamics of the Cystoseira caespitosa (Fucales,Phaeophyceae) community in the North-Western Mediterranean. Scient. Mar. 54 (2): 155-168.Bellan-Santini D. (1985). The Mediterranean benthos: reflections and problems raised by aclassification of the benthic assemblages. In: J.E. Treherne (Ed.) “Mediterranean MarineEcosystems” pp. 19-48.Bianchi, C.N., Haroun, R., Morri, C. & Wirtz, P. (2000). The subtidal epibenthic communitiesoff Puerto del Carmen (Lanzarote, Canary Islands). Arquipélago, Sup.2 (Part A): 145-155.Borja, A., Aguirrezabalaga, F., Martínez, J., Sola, J.C., García- Arberas, L., &Gorostiaga (2003). Benthic communities, biogeography and resources management. In: Borja, A. &Collins, M. (Ed.). Ocenaography and Marine Environment of the Basque Country, ElsevierOceanography Series n. 70: 27-50.Boudouresque C.F. (1969). Etude qualitative et quantitative d’un peuplement algal à Cystoseiramediterranea dans la région de Banyuls sur Mer. Vie Milieu 20: 437-452.Connor, D.W., Allen, J.H., Golding, N., Lieberknecht, L.M., Northen, K.O. & Reker, J.B.(2003). The National Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 03.02. Internetversion. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.(www.jncc.gov.uk/marine/biotopes/default.htm)European Environment Agency (2002). EUNIS habitat classification. Version 2.3. Copenhagen,EEA (Internet publication:http://mrw.wallonie.be/dgrne/sibw/EUNIS/home.html)Giaccone G. & Bruni A. (1972-1973). Le Cistoseire e la vegetazione sommersa del Mediterraneo.Atti dell’ Instituto Veneto de Scienze 81: 59-103.Gil-Rodríguez, M.C. & Haroun R.J. (2004). Litoral y Fondos Marinos del Parque Nacional deTimanfaya. En: Parques Nacionales Españoles. MMA/Ed. Canseco, Madrid (en prensa).Haroun, R. Y Herrera R. (2001). “Diversidad Taxonómica Marina” En: J.M. Fernández-Palaciosy J.L. Martín Esquivel (Eds.), Naturaleza de las Islas Canarias. Ecología y Conservación, Ed.Turquesa, S/C de Tenerife, pp. 127-131.Helcom (1998). Red List of Biotopes and Biotope Complexes of the Baltic Sea, the Belt Sea andthe Kattegat. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 75.: 126pp.Holt, T.J., Rees, E.I., Hawkins, S.J. & Seed, R. (1998). Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). Anoverview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.Scottish Association for Marine Science (UK Marine SACs Project), 170 pp.(www.ukmarinesac.org.uk/biogenic-reefs.htm)Kautsky, N. (1974). Quantitative investigations of the red algae belt in the Askö area, NorthernBaltic proper. Contrib. Askö Lab. Univ. Stockholm 3: 1-29.Montesanto B. & Panayotidis P. (2000). The Cystoseira spp. communities from the upper theAegean Sea. J. mar. biol. Ass., U.K. 80:357-358.Von Nordheim, H., Norden Andersen, O. & Thissen, J. (Eds.) (1996). Red Lists of Biotopes,Flora and Fauna of the Trilateral Wadden Sea Area 1995. Helgol. Meeresuntersuchungen. 50(suppl.): 136 pp.Nordiska Ministerrådet (2001). Kustbiotoper i Norden. Hotade och representativa biotoper.TemaNord 2001: 536. 345 pp.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 15

Medina, M., Haroun, R.J. Y Wildpret, W., (1995). Phytosociological study of the Cystoseiraabies-marina community in the Canarian Archipelago. Bull. Museu Mun. Funchal, Sup. 4: 433-439.Panayotidis P., Diapoulis A., Varkitzi I. & Montesanto B. (2001). Cystoseira spp. used for thetypology of the NATURA-2000 code 1170 (“reefs”) at the Aegean Sea (NE Mediterranean).Proceedings of the first Mediterranean Symposium on Marine Vegetation. Ajaccio 3-4 October2000, pages 168-172.Perès J. M. & Picard J. (1964). Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Méditerranée.Rec. Trav. St. Mar. Endoume 31 (47): 5-137.Ravanko, O. (1968). Macroscopic green, brown and red algae in the south-western archipelago ofFinland. Acta Bot. Fennica 79: 1-50.Riecken, U., Ries, U. & Ssymank, A. (1994). Rote Liste Der Gefährdeten Biotoptypen DerBundesrepublik Deutschland - Schriftenreihe für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz. 41: 184 pp1180 Submarine structures made by leaking gasesPAL.CLASS.: 11.241) Submarine structures consist of sandstone slabs, pavements, and pillars up to 4 m high, formed byaggregation of carbonate cement resulting from microbial oxidation of gas emissions, mainlymethane. The formations are interspersed with gas vents that intermittently release gas. The methanemost likely originates from the microbial decomposition of fossil plant materials.The first type of submarine structures is known as “bubbling reefs”. These formations support azonation of diverse benthic communities consisting of algae and/or invertebrate specialists of hardmarine substrates different to that of the surrounding habitat. Animals seeking shelter in the numerouscaves further enhance the biodiversity. A variety of sublittoral topographic features are included inthis habitat such as: overhangs, vertical pillars and stratified leaf-like structures with numerous caves.The second type are carbonate structures within “pockmarks”. “Pockmarks” are depressions in softsediment seabed areas, up to 45 m deep and a few hundred meters wide. Not all pockmarks areformed by leaking gases and of those formed by leaking gases, many do not contain substantialcarbonate structures and are therefore not included in this habitat. Benthic communities consist ofinvertebrate specialists of hard marine substrata and are different from the surrounding (usually)muddy habitat. The diversity of the infauna community in the muddy slope surrounding the“pockmark” may also be high.2) Plants: “Bubbling reefs” - If the structure is within the photic zone, marine macroalgae may bepresent such as Laminariales, other foliose and filamentous brown and red algae. “Pockmarks” -Usually noneAnimals: “Bubbling reefs” - A large diversity of invertebrates such as Porifera, Anthozoa,Polychaeta, Gastropoda, Decapoda, Echinodermata as well as numerous fish species are present.Especially the polychaete Polycirrus norwegicus and the bivalve Kellia suborbicularis areassociated species of the “bubbling reefs”. “Pockmarks” - Invertebrate specialists of hard substrateincluding Hydrozoa, Anthozoa, Ophiuroidea and Gastropoda. In the soft sediment surrounding thepockmark Nematodae, Polychaeta and Crustacea are present.3) Corresponding categories:HELCOM classification: All subtypes under “Bubbling reefs (2.10)”EUNIS: Relevant types under A3.C.4) “Bubbling reefs” can be found in association with the habitat types ”sandbanks, which are covered bysea water all the time (1110)” and “reefs (1170)”.5) Dando, P.R. et. al. (1991). Ecology of a North Sea Pockmark with an active methane seep. Mar.Ecol. Prog. Ser., vol. 70: 49-63.Hansen, J.M. (1988). Koraller i Kattegat, kortlægning. Miljøministeriets, Skov- og Naturstyrelsen.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 16

Hovland M. & Judd A.G. (1988). Seabed Pockmarks and seepages: Impact on Geology, Biologyand the Marine Environment. Graham & Trotman, London. 245pp.Jensen, P. et al. (1992). “Bubbling reefs” in the Kattegat: submarine landscapes of carbonatecementedrocks support a diverse ecosystem at methane seeps. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., vol. 83:103-112.Johnston, C. J., Turnbull, C. G. & Tasker, M. L. (2002). Natura 2000 in UK Offshore Waters:Advice to support the implementation of the EC Habitats and Birds Directives in UK offshoreswaters. JNCC Report 325.Jørgensen, N.O. et al (1989). Holocene methane-derived dolomite-cemented sandstone pillarsfrom Kattegat, Denmark. Mar. Geol., vol. 88: 71-81.Jørgensen, N.O. at al (1990). Shallow hydrocarbon gas in the nothern Jutland-Kattegat region,Denmark. Bull. Geol. Soc., vol. 38: 69-76.Laier, T. et al. (1991). Kalksøjler og gasudslip i Kattegat, seismisk kortlægning af områdetnordvest for Hirsholmene. Miljøministeriet, Danmarks Geologiske UndersøgelseSea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches1210 Annual vegetation of drift linesPAL.CLASS.: 17.21) Formations of annuals or representatives of annuals and perennials, occupying accumulations ofdrift material and gravel rich in nitrogenous organic matter (Cakiletea maritimae p.).2) Plants: Cakile maritima, Salsola kali, Atriplex spp. (particularly A. glabriuscula), Polygonum spp.,Euphorbia peplis, Mertensia maritima, Elymus repens, Potentilla anserina, and, particularly inMediterranean formations, Glaucium flavum, Matthiola sinuata, M. tricuspidata, Euphorbiaparalias, Eryngium maritimum. In Cyprus this habitat includes endemics such as Taraxacumaphrogenes & Taraxacum hellenicum and in the Black Sea communities with Cakile maritima andArgusia (Tournefortia) sibirica3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom Classification: "SD2 Honkenya peploides-Cakile maritima strandline community"and "SD3 Matricaria maritima-Galium aparine shingle beach community".Nordic classification : "4213 Elytrigia repens-typ", "4214 Atriplex spp.-Polygonum aviculare-typ"and "4215 Cakile maritima-typ".In Azores , the corresponding association is Caliketum edentulae Conrad.4) Sites proposed for this habitat may include Cakiletea marimae developed on gravel or mixedgravel and sandy substrates (these mixtures are often very dynamic and variable) but suchvegetation on purely sandy beaches should be regarded as habitat 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes ifappropriate.5) Olsson, H. (1974). Studies on South Swedish sand vegetation. Acta phytogeogr. suec. 60.Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 17

1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banksPAL.CLASS.: 17.31) Perennial vegetation of the upper beaches of great shingle banks, formed by Crambe maritima,Honkenya peploides and other perennial species. A wide range of vegetation types may be foundon large shingle structures inland of the upper beach. On more mature, stable, shingle coastal formsof grassland, heath and scrub vegetation may develop. Some areas of unusual vegetation dominatedby lichens and bryophytes are found on more mature shingle.Sub-types17.31 - Baltic sea kale communities: Elymo-Crambetum17.32 - Channel sea kale communities: Lathyro-Crambetum17.33 - Atlantic sea kale communities: Crithmo-Crambetum2) Plants: Crambe maritima, Honkenya peploides, Leymus arenarius (17.31), Lathyrus japonicus(17.32), Crithmum maritimum (17.33).3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 17.31 - "4112 Crambe maritima-Elytrigia repens-typ", "4113 Achilleamillefolium-Angelica archangelica-typ".United Kingdom classification: 17.32 -" SD1 Rumex crispus-Glaucium flavum shingle beachcommunity".5) Cramer, W. (1993). Dry coastal ecosystems of the northern Baltic sea. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)Ecosystems of the world 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems, polar regions and Europe. Elsevier,Amsterdam, pp. 95-107.Sneddon, P. & Randall, R.E. (1993). Coastal vegetated shingle structures of Great Britain: mainreport. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 18

1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coastsPAL.CLASS.: 18.211) Vegetated cliffs exhibit a complex pattern of variation reflecting the degree of maritime exposure,geology and geomorphology, biogeographical provenance and pattern of human management.Typically, on the most exposed cliffs there is a zonation from crevice and ledge communities of thesteepest slopes beside the sea (Crithmo-Armerietalia, Géhu 1964) through to closed maritimegrasslands on upper cliff slopes, cliff tops and cliff ledges where there is deeper accumulation ofsoils (Silenion maritimae, Malloch 1973). Further inland and on more sheltered cliffs, these gradeinto a complex assemblage of maritime and paramaritime types of heath, calcareous grassland, acidgrassland, therophyte, tall herb, scrub and wind-pruned woodland vegetation, each enriched byfloristic elements characteristic of coastal habitats. On soft coasts with much active movement,complex assemblages of maritime and non-maritime vegetation occur.2) Plants: Crithmum maritimum, Armeria maritima, Limonium spp., Brassica oleracea, Silenemaritima, Cochlearia officinalis, Plantago maritima, Festuca rubra ssp. pruinosa, Daucus spp.,Matricaria maritima, Asplenium marinum, Spergularia rupicola, Inula crithmoides, Sedumanglicum, Rhodiola rosea, Lavatera arborea, Scilla verna.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom Classification: " MC1 Crithmum maritimum-Spergularia rupicola maritime rockcrevice", "MC2 Armeria maritima-Ligusticum scoticum maritime rock crevice community","MC3 Rhodiola rosea-Armeria maritima maritime cliff ledge community", "MC4 Brassicaoleracea maritime cliff ledge", "MC5 Armeria maritima-Cerastium diffusum maritimetherophyte community", "MC6 Atriplex hastata-Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima seabird cliffcommunity", "MC7 Stellaria media-Rumex acetosa seabird cliff community", "MC8 Festucarubra-Armeria maritima maritime grassland", "MC9 Festuca rubra-Holcus lanatus maritimegrassland", "MC10 Festuca rubra-Plantago spp. maritime grassland", "M11 Festuca rubra-Daucus carota ssp. gummifer maritime grassland", "M12 Festuca rubra-Hyacinthoides nonscriptamaritime grassland", "H6 Erica vagans-Ulex europaeus heath", "H7 Calluna vulgaris-Scilla verna heath", "H8 Calluna vulgaris-Ulex gallii heath".Nordic classification : "4111 Matricaria maritima-Silene uniflora-typ".5) Englund, B. (1942). Die Pflanzenverteilung auf den Meeresufern von Gotland. Acta Bot. Fenn.32:1-282.1240 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterraneancoasts withendemic Limonium spp.PAL.CLASS.: 18.221) Vegetated cliffs and rocky shores of the Mediterranean, of the Mediterraneo-temperate easternAtlantic (south-western Iberia) and of the Black Sea. Crithmo-Limonietalia2) Plants: Crithmum maritimum, Plantago subulata, Silene sedoides, Sedum litoreum, Limonium spp.,Armeria spp., Euphorbia spp., Daucus spp., Asteriscus maritimus. Many Limonium species, inparticular, are endemics of extremely local occurrence.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 19

1250 Vegetated sea cliffs with endemic flora of theMacaronesian coastsPAL.CLASS.: 18.23 and 18.241) Aerohaline communities of the sea-cliffs of the Canaries and Madeira (Frankenio-Astidamietalialatifoliae); communities of the sea-cliffs of the Azores (Festucion petraeae) dominated by theendemic Festuca petraea.2) Plants: 18.23 - Crithmum maritimum, Astydamia latifolia, Schizogyna sericea, Andryala glutinosa,Plantago coronopus, Tolpis fruticosa, Aizoon canariense, Campylanthus salsoloides, Limoniumpectinatum, Frankenia ericifolia, Reichardia ligulata, Argyranthemum frutescens, Lotus spp.,Asplenium marinum. 18.24 - Festuca petraea, Plantago coronopus, Daucus carota ssp. azorica,Azorina vidalii, Euphorbia azorica, Lotus subbiflorus, Polypogon maritimus, Asplenium marinum,Frankenia spp.Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sandPAL.CLASS.: 15.11) Formations composed mostly or predominantly of annuals, in particular Chenopodiaceae of thegenus Salicornia or grasses, colonising periodically inundated muds and sands of marine or interiorsalt marshes. Thero-Salicornietea, Frankenietea pulverulentae, Saginetea maritimae.Sub-types15.11 - Glasswort swards (Thero-Salicornietalia): annual glasswort (Salicornia spp.,Microcnemum coralloides), seablite (Suaeda maritima), or sometimes salwort (Salsola spp.)formations colonising periodically inundated muds of coastal saltmarshes and inland salt-basins.15.12 - Mediterranean halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities (Frankenion pulverulentae):formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals (Frankenia pulverulenta, Suaeda splendens, Salsolasoda, Cressa cretica, Parapholis incurva, P. strigosa, Hordeum marinum, Sphenopusdivaricatus) colonising salt muds of the Mediterranean region, susceptible to temporaryinundation and extreme drying;15.13 - Atlantic sea-pearlwort communities (Saginion maritimae): formations of annual pioneersoccupying sands subject to variable salinity and humidity, on the coasts, in dune systems andsaltmarshes. They are usually limited to small areas and best developed in the zone of contactbetween dune and saltmarsh.15.14 Central Eurasian crypsoid communities : Sparse solonchak formations of annual grasses ofgenus Crypsis (Heleochloa) colonizing drying muds of humid depressions of the salt steppesand saltmarshes (15.A) of Eurasia, from Pannonia to the Far East.2) Plants: 15.11 - Salicornia spp., Microcnemum coralloides, Suaeda maritima; 15.12 - Frankeniapulverulenta, Suaeda splendens, Salsola soda, Cressa cretica, Parapholis incurva, P. strigosa,Hordeum marinum, Sphenopus divaricatus; 15.13 - Sagina maritima, S. nodosa, Cochleariadanica, Gentiana littorale, Bupleurum tenuissimum ; 15.14 - Crypsis spp, Cyperus pannonicus,Spergularia media, Spergularia marina, Salicornia spp., Lepidium latifolium, Chenopodium spp.,Atriplex spp. Dianthus guttatus, Artemisia santonicum.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 20

3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM7 Arthrocnemum perenne stands", "SM8 Annual Salicorniasaltmarsh", "SM9 Suaeda maritima saltmarsh" and "SM27 Ephemeral saltmarsh vegetationwith Sagina maritima".Nordic classification: 15.11 - "4233 Salicornia strictissima-typ", "4252 Salicornia europaea-typ","4253 Spergularia salina-typ".5) Ericson, L. & Wallentinus, H.-G. (1979). Sea-shore vegetation around the Gulf of Bothnia. Guidefor the International Society for Vegetation Science, July-August 1977. Wahlenbergia 5:1-142.Sanda V. & Popescu A. (1991). La cénotaxonomie des phytocénoses halophyles (Puccinellio-Salicornietrea Topa, 39) de Roumanie. (II). Rev.Roum de Biol., Sér.Bot.,1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae)PAL.CLASS.: 15.21) Perennial pioneer grasslands of coastal salt muds, formed by Spartina or similar grasses. Whenselecting sites, preference should be given to those areas supporting rare or local Spartina.Sub-types15.21 - Flat-leaved cordgrass swards: perennial pioneer grasslands of coastal salt muds,dominated by flat-leaved Spartina maritima, S. townsendii, S. anglica, S. alterniflora.15.22 - Rush-leaved cordgrass swards: perennial pioneer grasslands of southern Iberian coastalsalt muds, dominated by the junciform-leaved Spartina densiflora.2) Plants: 15.21 - Spartina maritima, S. alterniflora; 15.22 - Spartina densiflora.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM4 Spartina maritima saltmarsh" and "SM5 Spartinaalterniflora saltmarsh".1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietaliamaritimae)PAL.CLASS.: 15.31) Salt meadows of Baltic, North Sea, English Channel and Atlantic shores. Aster tripolium can bepresent or abundant in most subdivisions.2) Plants: 15.31 - Puccinellia maritima; 15.32 - Halimione portulacoides, Halimione pedunculata,Aster tripolium; 15.33 - Armeria maritima, Glaux maritima, Plantago maritima, Frankenia laevis,Artemisia maritima, Festuca rubra, Agrostis stolonifera, Juncus gerardii, Carex extensa, Blysmusrufus, Eleocharis spp.; 15.34 - Spergularia marina, Puccinellia distans, P. fasciculata, P.retroflexa, P. maritima, Triglochin maritima, Potentilla anserina, Halimione portulacoides; 15.35 -Elymus pycnanthus (= Agropyron pungens) or E. repens; 15.36 - Atriplex littoralis, A. hastata,Beta maritima, Matricaria maritima.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM10 Transitional low-marsh vegetation", "SM11 Aster tripolium var.discoides saltmarsh", "SM12 Rayed Aster tripolium saltmarsh", "SM13 Puccinellia maritima-Triglochin maritima saltmarsh", "SM14 Halimione portulacoides saltmarsh", "SM15 Juncusmaritimus-Triglochim maritima saltmarsh", "SM16 Festuca rubra saltmarsh community",Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 21

"SM17 Artemisia maritima community", "SM18 Juncus maritimus community", "SM19Blysmus rufus saltmarsh community" and "SM20 Eleocharis uniglumis community".Nordic classification : 15.32 - "4231 Puccinellia maritima-typ", 15.33 - "422 Övre landstrandensvegetation".5) Burd, F. (1989). The saltmarsh survey of Great Britain. Peterborough, Nature ConservancyCouncil. Research and survey in nature conservation, no. 17.Johansson, D., Ekstam, U. & Forshed, N. (1986). Havstrandängar. LTs förslag, Stockholm, 96pp.1340 * Inland salt meadowsPAL.CLASS.: 15.41) Non-coastal natural salt basins made up of different habitat types consisting of zones of seepage ofsaline water, running or stagnant saline water, with typical halophilous vegetation and of reed beds atthe edge of brackish waters.Artificial or partly artificial sites should only be considered here in specific cases where they harboura species listed in Annex II of the Directive, or where there are no remaining natural (primary)examples of the habitat at regional or national level.2) Plants: Aster tripolium, Atriplex hastata, Elymus atherica (= E. pungens, E. pycnanthus), Halimionepedunculata, Juncus gerardii, Plantago maritima, Puccinellia distans, Salicornia spp., Spergulariasalina, Suaeda maritima, Triglochin maritima.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM23 Spergularia marina-Puccinellietalia distans community".German classification : "350301 naturnahe Salzrasen des Binnenlandes", "2206 Salz- oder Solquelle","230405 Salzbach", "230602 salzhaltiges stehendes Gewässer (Binnenlandsalzstellen)".4) Brackish-water reed beds, salt springs, Salicornia swards and, less frequently, small salt watercourses.Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic saltmarshes and saltmeadows1410 Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)PAL.CLASS.: 15.51) Various Mediterranean and western Pontic (Black Sea) communities of the Juncetalia maritimi. Thedifferent associations are described under point 2) with their characteristic plant species.Sub-types :15.51 - tall rush saltmarshes dominated by Juncus maritimus and/or J. acutus15.52 - short rush, sedge and clover saltmarshes (Juncion maritimi) and humid meadows behind thelittoral, rich in annual plant species and in Fabacea (Trifolion squamosi)15.53 - mediterranean halo-psammophile meadows (Plantaginion crassifoliae)15.54 - Iberian salt meadows (Puccinellion fasciculatae)Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 22

15.55 - halophilous marshes along the coast and the coastal lagoons (Puccinellion festuciformis)15.57 - humid halophilous moors with the shrubby stratum dominated by Artemisia coerulescens(Agropyro-Artemision coerulescentis).Cyprus subtypes 14 - Halophytic vegetation periodically inundated by saline or bracking water2) Plants : Juncus maritimus, J. acutus, Carex extensa, Aster tripolium, Plantago cornuti, Scorzoneraparviflora, Merendera sobolifera, Taraxacum bessarabicum, Samolus valerandi (15.51); Hordeumnodosum, H. maritimum Trifolium squamosum, T. michelianum, Alopecurus bulbosus, Carex divisa,Ranunculus ophioglossifolius, *Linum maritimum (15.52); Plantago crassifolia, Blackstoniaimperfoliata, Centaurium tenuiflorum, Orchis coriophora ssp. fragans (15.53); Puccinellia fasciculata,Aeluropus littoralis, Juncus gerardii (15.54); Puccinellia festuciformis (15.55); Artemisia coerulescens(15.57). Eleocharis palustris, Puccinellia gigantea, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Aeluropuslittoralis, Centaurium spicatum, Cressa cretica, Crypsis factorofskyi, Crypsis schoenoides, Glinuslotoides, Limonium echioides, Parapholis marginata, Schoenoplectus litoralis, Spergularia marina(= S. salina), Sphenopus divaricatus, Suaeda vera (Cyprus)5) Sanda, V., Popescu, A. (1992). Contribuţii la cunoaşterea structurii fitocenozelor de pe grinduriledin Delta Dunării. Ocrot. nat. med. înconj., 36(2): 129-136.1420 Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs(Sarcocornetea fruticosi)PAL.CLASS.: 15.61) Perennial vegetation of marine saline muds (schorre) mainly composed of scrub, essentially with aMediterranean-Atlantic distribution (Salicornia, Limonium vulgare, Suaeda and Atriplex communities)and belonging to the Sarcocornetea fruticosi class.2) Plants: Halimione portulacoides, Inula critmoides, Suaeda vera and shrubby Sarcocornia.Vegetation of lower topographic level (Sarcocornetea): Sarcocornia perennis, S. alpini, S. fruticosa,Arthrocnemum macrostachym (= A. glaucum), Halocnemum strobilaceum.Vegetation of higher topographic level (Limonietalia confusi): Limonium virgatum, L. diffusum, L.ferulaceum, L. densissimum, L. girardianum, L. bellidifolium, L. gmelinii, Aeluropus litoralis, Astertripolum, Limoniastrum monopetalum, Artemisia gallica.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SM 21 Suaeda vera-Limonium binervosum saltmarsh community","SM25 Sueda vera saltmarsh community" and "SM7 Arthrocnemum perenne stands".1430 Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (Pegano-Salsoletea)PAL.CLASS.: 15.721) Halo-nitrophilous scrubs (matorrals) belonging to the Pegano-Salsoletea class, typical of dry soilsunder arid climates, sometimes including taller, denser bushes.14A revised version of the Palaeartic classification which will include a better coverage of Cyprus is expected to beavailable in December 2001, this section may then need amending.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 23

2) Plants: Peganum harmala, Artemisia herba-alba, Lycium intricatum, Capparis ovata, Salsolavermiculata, S. genistoides, S. oppositifolia, Suaeda pruinosa, Atriplex halimus, A. glauca,Camphorosma monspeliaca, Haloxylum articulatum.Salt and gypsum inland steppes1510 * Mediterranean salt steppes (Limonietalia)PAL.CLASS.: 15.81) Associations rich in perennial, rosette-forming (Limonium spp.) or esparto grass (Lygeum spartum),occupying, along Mediterranean coasts and on the fringes of Iberian salt basins, soils temporarilypermeated (though not inundated) by saline water and subject to extreme summer drying, withformation of salt efflorescence. Characteristic syntaxa are Limonietalia, Arthrocnemetalia,Thero-Salicornietalia and Saginetalia maritimae.- The following syntaxa correspond to regional varieties of this habitat type; Arthrocnemetalia:Suaedion braunblanquetii (continental Iberian peninsula), Arthrocnemion glauci. Limonietalia:Limonion catalaunico-viciosoi (Aragon), Lygeo-Limonion furfuracei (SE Iberian peninsula),Lygeo-Lepidion cardamines (Castilla-La-Mancha). Thero-Salicornietalia: Microcnemion coralloidis(continental Iberian peninsula), Salicornion patulae. Saginetalia maritimae: Frankenionpulverulentae, Thero-Suaedion.2) Plants: Halopeplis amplexicaulis, Hymenolobus procumbens, *Limonium spp., Lygeum spartum,Microcnemion coralloides, Salicornia patula, Senecio auricula, Sphenopus divaricatus.5) Rivas-Martínez, S. (1991). Sintaxonomia de la classe Thero-Salicornietea en Europa occidental.Ecol.Medit. (Marseille) 16: 359 - 364.1520 * Iberian gypsum steppes (Gypsophiletalia)PAL.CLASS.: 15.91) Garrigues occupying gypsum-rich soils of the Iberian peninsula, usually very open and floristicallycharacterised by the presence of numerous gypsophilous species. Characteristic syntaxa are Lepidionsubulati, Gypsophilion hispanicae and Thymo-Teucrion verticillati.2) Plants: Centaurea hyssopifolia, Gypsophila hispanica, G. struthium, Helianthemum squamatum,Herniaria fruticosa, Lepidium subulatum, Ononis tridentata, Reseda stricta, Teucrium libanitis. Theyare often rich in thymes (Thymus), germanders (Teucrium), rockroses (Helianthemum) and composites(Centaurea, Jurinea, Santolina, Frankenia).1530 * Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshesPAL.CLASS.: 15.A1, 15.A2Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 24

1) Pannonic and Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes, salt pans, salt marshes and shallow salt lakes, which arehighly influenced by a pannonic climate with extreme temperatures and aridity in summer. Theenrichment of salt in the soil is due to high evaporation of ground water during summer. These habitattypes are partly of natural origin and partly under a distinct influence of cattle grazing.The halophytic vegetation consists of plant communities on dry saltpans and steppes, humid saltmeadows and annual plant communities of periodically flooded salt lakes with typical zonation.2) Plants: Artemisia santonicum, Suaeda corniculata, S. pannonica, Lepidium crassifolium, Puccinelliapeisonis, Aster tripolium, Salicornia prostata, Camphorosma annua, Plantago tenuiflora, Juncusgerardii, Plantago maritima, Cyperus pannonicus, Pholiurus pannonicus, Festuca pseudovina,.Achillea collina, Artemisia pontica, Puccinellia limosa, Scorzonera cana, Petrosimonia triandra,Peucedanum officinale, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Frankenia hirsuta, Aeluropus littoralis,Limonium meyeri, Limonium gmelini, Nitraria shoberi, Carex distans, C. divisa, Taraxacumbessarabicum, Beckmannia eruciformis, Zingeria pisidica, Trifolium fragiferum, Cynodondactylon, Ranunculus sardous, Agropyron elongatum, Halimione verrucifera (syn Obioneverrucifera),. Lepidium latifolium, Leuzea altaica (syn L. salina), Iris halofila, Triglochinmaritima, Hordeum hystrix, Aster sedifolius. Scorzonera austriaca var. mucronata, Kochialaniflora, Festuca arundinacea ssp. orientalisAnimals: Molluscs- *Helicopsis striata austriaca; Insects- *Callimorpha quadripunctaria, #Lycaenadispar; Mammals- +Microtus oeconomus mehelyi, #Spermophilus citellus; Birds- Botaurus stellatus,Platalea leucorodia, Porzana parva, Ixobrychus minutus, Acrocephalus melanopogon, Aythyanyroca, Ardea purpurea, Panurus biarmicus.5)Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer,T. (1993). Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil 1. Pop,I. (2002). Vegetaţia solurilor sãrãturoase din România. Contrib. Bot., Cluj-Napoca, XXXV(2),1999–2000: 285–332.Soo, R. (1957). Systematische Übersicht pannonischer Pflanzengesellschaften, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci.Hung., Budapest, 3:317-373.Wendelberger, G. (1954). Steppen, Trockenrasen und Wälder des pannonischen Raumes. Angew.Pflanzensoziol., Wien, Festschrift Aichinger: 573-634.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 25

Boreal Baltic archipelago, coastal and landupheaval areas1610 Baltic esker islands with sandy, rocky and shingle beachvegetation and sublittoral vegetationPAL.CLASS.: 11.22, 11.23, 11.27, 11.28, 11.29, 16.122, 16.13, 16.132, 16.133, 17.21, 17.31, 19, 42C51 (1997 version)1) Glaciofluvial islands consisting mainly of relatively well sorted sand, gravel or less commonly oftill. May also have scattered stones and boulders. The vegetation of esker islands is influenced bythe brackish water environment and often by the ongoing land upheaval, which causes a successionof different vegetation types. Several rare vegetation types (heaths, sands and gravel shores) andthreatened species occur.2) Plants: Artemisia campestris, Cakile maritima, Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum, Honkenyapeploides, Juniperus communis, Lathyrus japonicus subsp. maritimus, Leymus arenarius, Pinussylvestris, Potamogeton filiformis, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton perfoliatus,Myriophyllum sibiricum, Salsola kali. Algae: Ceramium tenuicorne, Chorda filum, Chara aspera,Cladophora glomerata, Fucus vesiculosus, Pilayella littoralisAnimals: Insects- Athetis lepigone, Simyra albovenosa, Actebia praecox; Molluscs- Cerastodermaglaucum, Mya arenaria.4) These esker islands can be found in association with the following habitat types: Sandbanks whichare slightly covered by sea water all the time (1110), Annual vegetation of drift lines (1210),Perennial vegetation of stony banks (1220), Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts(1230) and Boreal Baltic sandy beaches with perennial vegetation (1640).5) Eklund, O. (1921).- Vegetationen på Vidskär och Jurmo (Ab Korpo). Meddelanden af Societaspro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 47:178-215.Syrjänen, K. (1995).- Meriotakilokki Korppoon Jurmossa. Metsähallituksenluonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. Sarja A, 51: 1-49.1620 Boreal baltic islets and small islandsPAL.CLASS.: 11.23, 11.28, 11.29, 18.14, 18.2124, 19 (1997 version)1) Groups of skerries, islets or single small islands, mainly in the outer archipelago or offshore areas.Composed of Precambrian, metamorphic bedrock, till or sediment. The vegetation of boreal Balticislets and small islands is influenced by the brackish water environment, the ongoing land upheaval(in areas with intense land upheaval) and the climatic conditions. The vegetation types areinfluenced by wind, dry weather, salt and many hours of sunlight. Land-upheaval causes asuccession of different vegetation types. Bare bedrock is common. A lot of small islands have notrees. The vegetation is usually very sparse and consists often of mosaic-like pioneer vegetationcommunities. On some islands the species diversity is increased by nitrogenous excrement frombirds. Many of the plants are xerophytic and lichens are common. Temporary or permanentrockpools are common and these are inhabited by a variety of aquatic plant and animal species.Boreal Baltic islets and small islands are important nesting sites for birds and resting sites for seals.The surrounding sublittoral vegetation is also included in the type 1620.2) Plants: Agrostis stolonifera, Allium schoenoprasum, Angelica archangelica spp. litoralis,Cochlearia danica, Juniperus communis, Lemna minor, Puccinellia distans ssp. borealis, SedumInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 26

acre, Sedum telephium, Silene viscosa, Viola tricolor. Algae: Ceramium tenuicorne, Chorda filum,Cladophora glomerata, Cladophora rupestris, Fucus vesiculosus, Furcellaria lumbricalis,Pilayella littoralis.Animals:. Mammals- Halichoerus grypus, Phoca hispida; Birds- Alca torda, Arenaria interpres,Cepphus grylle, Larus fuscus, Stercorarius parasiticus, Sterna caspia, Uria aalge; Crustaceans-Balanus improvisus, Idothea sp; Molluscs- Mytilus edulis4) Often associated with the habitat type: Reefs (1170) and Perennial vegetation of stony banks(1220).5) Eklund, O. (1931). -Über Ursachen der Regionalen Verteilung der Schärenflora Südwest-Finnlands. Acta Botanica Fennica 8: 5-133.Hällfors, G. (1976).- The plant cover of some littoral biotopes at Krunnit (NE Bothnian Bay). ActaUniv. Oul. A, 42: 87-95.Luther, H. (1961).- Veränderungen in der Gefässpflanzenflora der Meeresfelsen von Tvärminne.Acta Botanica Fennica, 62: 1-100.Vartiainen, T. (1980).- Succession of island vegetation in the land uplift area of the northernmostGulf of Bothnia, Finland. Acta Botanica Fennica, 115: 1-105.Waern, M. (1952)- Rocky-shore algae in the Öregrund archipelago. Acta Phytogeogr.Suecica 30:1-298.1630 * Boreal baltic coastal meadowsPAL.CLASS.: 15.33, 15.34 (1997 version)1) Coastal meadows, mostly with low growing plant communities in the geolittoral zone, sometimesinterspersed with salt patches, salinity is low (brackish water), tide hardly exists but there can beinfluence from land upheaval. Most of the areas were traditionally used for mowing or grazing,thus enlarging the areas and keeping the vegetation low, rich in vascular plants and suitable fornesting waders. Characteristically the vegetation occurs in distinct zones, with saline vegetationclosest to the sea.2) Plants: Agrostis stolonifera, Blysmus rufus, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Calamagrostis stricta,Carex nigra, C. paleacea, Centaurium littorale, C. pulchellum, Eleocharis uniglumis, E. parvula,Festuca rubra, Juncus gerardii, Odontites litoralis, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Plantago maritima,Puccinellia distans subsp. borealis, Salicornia europaea, Spergularia salina, Triglochin maritima.Specially on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia some phytogeographically interesting arctic relictspecies occur e.g. Primula sibirica and some endemic taxa (races). Boreal species: Alismawahlenbergii, Arctophila fulva, Carex glareosa, C. halophila, C. mackenziei, C. paleacea,Deschampsia bottnica, Euphrasia bottnica, Hippuris tetraphylla, Odontites litoralis subsp. fennica,Primula nutans, Puccinellia phryganoides.Animals: Birds- Calidris alpina subsp. schinzii, Tringa totanus.Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 4221 Juncus gerardii-Festuca rubra -type, 4224 Blysmus rufus-Carexviridula-Centaurium spp. -type, 4226 Carex aquatilis-Calamagrostis stricta -type, 4241Eleocharis uniglumis-Agrostis stolonifera -type, 4251 Agrostis stolonifera-Triglochinpalustre -type, 4253 Spergularia salina -type, 4321 Eleocharis parvula -type, 4322Eleocharis acicularis -type5) Siira, J. (1970).- Studies in the ecology of the sea-shore meadows at the Bothnian Bay with specialreference to the Liminka area. Aquilo Ser. Bot. 9.Siira, j. (1984).- The vegetation and ecology of the primary saline soils of the Bothnian Bay.Aquilo Ser. Bot. 20.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 27

1640 Boreal Baltic sandy beaches with perennial vegetationPAL.CLASS.: 16.1222, 16.132, 16.133, 16.2133 (1997 version)1) Sheltered to exposed, gently sloping sand beaches influenced by wave action, but less influencedby tides than on the Atlantic coast, giving a higher representation of perennial plant species. Sandbeaches along the Finnish and Swedish Baltic coast are relatively uncommon and usually small.Occasional stones or boulders may be scattered along the beach. The vegetation is often sparse andlarge areas of bare sand are common especially in the part closest to the shore. Sand-binding plantsare common. The insect fauna on sand beaches is conspicuous. Drift belts of organic matter areoften present2) Plants: Ammophila arenaria, Lathyrus japonicus ssp. maritimus, Leymus arenarius, Atriplexlittoralis, Salsola kali, Crambe maritima, Honkenya peploides, Cakile maritima, Elytrigia junceassp. boreoatlantica.Animals: Insects- Spingonotus coerulans, Catoptria fulgidella,Chomoderus affinis, Psylloidesmarcida, Pterophorus tridactylus, Euxoa cursoria, Photedes elymi, Apamea ophiogramma, Actebiapraecox, Sphingonotus coerulans; Birds- Charadrius hiaticula, Calidris temminckii (in Swedenonly in the northern part).3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 4131 Ammophila arenaria-Leymus arenarius -type, 4215 Cakile maritima –type4) Associated with the following habitat types: Annual vegetation of drift lines (1210), Sandbankswhich are slightly covered by sea water all the time (1110), in some cases also Baltic esker islandswith sandy, rocky and shingle beach vegetation and sublittoral vegetation (1610).5) Skytén, R. (1978)- Sand- och dynsträndernas vegetations och dess nedslitning.Nordenskiöldsamfundets tidskrift 38: 37-49.1650 Boreal Baltic narrow inletsPAL.CLASS.: 12.51 (1997 version)1) Long and narrow bays in the Boreal Baltic sea area, which are partly separated from the open seaby a submerged sill. These inlets consist usually of soft mud. The salinity varies depending on thefreshwater contribution or the salinity value of the Baltic Sea. The low tidal range and low salinityof the Baltic Sea creates an ecology that is different from that of the North Atlantic coasts.2) Plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Hippuris vulgaris, Myriophyllum spicatum, Phragmitesaustralis, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Schoenoplectus lacustris,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Algae:Cladophora aegagropila, Nitellopsis obtusaAnimals:. Birds- Anas crecca, Anas platyrhynchos, Circus aeruginosus, Cygnus olor, Podicepscristatus; Insects- Chironomus plumosus coll.; Crustaceans- Monoporeia affinis; Mollucs- Macomabaltica, Nucula tenuis, Syndosmya nitida, Thyasira flexuosa; Polychaeta- Maldane sarsi Sponges:Axinella rugosa, Phakellia spp., Mycale lingua, Polymastica spp., Vosmeria spp.4) A river discharge to the innermost end of the bay is common, resulting in a density stratification ofthe water column. Narrow inlets unaffected or almost unaffected by man are very rare.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 28

5) Lindholm, T. (1991).- Från havsvik till insjö. Miljöförlaget. Åbo, 160 pp.Luther, H. (1951).- Verbreitung und ökologie der höheren Wasserpflanzen im Brackwasser derEkenäs-Gegend in Süd-Finnland. I. Allgemeiner Teil. Acta Bot. Fennici, 49:1-232. & II. SpeciellerTeil. Acta Bot. Fennici, 50:1-370.Mathiessen, H. & Mathiessen, L. (1992).- Floristic aspects of one coastal inlet inre Verkviken,northern Åland. Acta Phytogeogr. Suecic., 78: 101-110.Niemi, Å. (1978).- Ecology of phytoplankton in the Tvärminne area, SW coast of Finland. III.Environmental conditions and primary production in Pojoviken in the 1970s. Acta Bot. Fennici,106:1-28.COASTAL SAND DUNES AND INLAND DUNESSea dunes of the Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic coasts2110 Embryonic shifting dunesPAL.CLASS.: 16.2111) Formations of the coast representing the first stages of dune construction, constituted by ripples orraised sand surfaces of the upper beach or by a seaward fringe at the foot of the tall dunes.2) Plants: 16.2111 - Elymus farctus (Agropyron junceum), Leymus arenarius, Honkenya peploides;16.2112 - Sporobolus pungens, Euphorbia peplis, Otanthus maritimus, Medicago marina,Anthemis maritima, A. tomentosa, Eryngium maritimum, Pancratium maritimum.3) Corresponding categories:United Kingdom classification: "SD4 Elymus farctus ssp. boreali-atlanticus foredune community".Nordic classification: 16.2111 - "4121 Elytrigia juncea-typ".5) Pettersson, B. (1965). Maritime sands. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 50:105-110.2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophilaarenaria (white dunes)PAL.CLASS.: 16.2121) Mobile dunes forming the seaward cordon or cordons of dune systems of the coasts (16.2121,16.2122 and 16.2123). Ammophilion arenariae, Zygophyllion fontanesii.2) Plants: 16.2121- Ammophila arenaria, Eryngium maritimum, Euphorbia paralias, Calystegiasoldanella, Otanthus maritimus, Leymus arenarius; 16.2122 - Ammophila arenaria, Echinophoraspinosa, Eryngium maritimum, Euphorbia paralias, Cutandia maritima, Medicago marina,Anthemis maritima; 16.2123 - Zygophyllum fontanesii, Euphorbia paralias, Polycarpaea nivea,Cyperus capitatus, Ononis natrix, *Convolvulus caput-medusae, Polygonum maritimum,*Androcymbium psammophilum.3 Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: " SD6 Ammophila arenaria mobile dune community".Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 29

Nordic classification : 16.2121 - "4131 Ammophila arenaria-Leymus arenarius-typ".5) Willers, T. (1988). Die Vegetation der finnischen Küstendünen. Norden 6:41-88.2130 *Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (greydunes)PAL.CLASS.: 16.221 to 16.227, 16.22B1) Fixed dunes, stabilised and colonised by more or less closed perennial grasslands and abundantcarpets of lichens and mosses, from the Atlantic coasts (and the English Channel) between the Straitsof Gibraltar and Cap Blanc Nez, and the shores of the North Sea and the Baltic. Also similar dunesoccur along the coasts of the Black Sea. In the case of the thermo-Atlantic coast, it is logical toinclude Euphorbio Helichrysion (code 16.222 - thermo Atlantic as far as Brittany) and Crucianellionmaritimae (code 16.223 - Strait of Gibraltar as far as the southern Atlantic near Cape Prior in Galicia).Sub-types16.221 - Northern grey dunes with grass communities and vegetation from Galio-Koelerionalbescentis (Koelerion albescentis), Corynephorion canescentis p., Sileno conicae-Cerastionsemidecandri.16.222 - Biscay grey dunes (Euphorbio-Helichrysion stoechadis): dunes on stabilised humus soilinfiltrated by dwarf bushes, with Helichrysum stoechas, Artemisia campestris and Ephedradistachya.16.223 - Thermo-Atlantic grey dunes (Crucianellion maritimae): suffrutescent communities onmore or less stabilised soils low in humus of the thermo-Atlantic coasts with Crucianella maritimaand Pancratium maritimum.16.225 - Atlantic dune (Mesobromion) grasslands: various sandy coastal sites characterised byherbaceous vegetation in the form of calcicole mesoxerocline grasslands, poor in nitrogen,corresponding to the communities of Mesobromion found by the sea (penetration of aero halinespecies); dunal grasslands composed of species characteristic of dry calcareous grasslands (34.32).16.226 - Atlantic dune thermophile fringes: Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei: Galio maritimi-Geranionsanguinei, Geranium sanguineum formations (34.4) on neutro basic soils rich in calcium and poorin nitrogen.16.227 - Dune fine-grass annual communities: sparse pioneer formations (35.2, 35.3) of fine grassesrich in spring-blooming therophytes characteristic of oligotrophic soils (nitrogen poor sand or verysuperficial soils, or on xerocline to xerophile rocks) (Thero-Airion p., Nardo-Galion saxatilep.,Tuberarion guttatae p.)16.22B - Pontic fixed dunes - fixed dunes of the coasts of the Black SeaThe vegetation may be a closed cover of grassland, sparse annual grassland on sand or dominated bymosses and lichen; the content of limestone (Ca2+) may vary greatly and is generally diminishingwith age and succession towards brown dune systems (dune heathland).2) Plants: Aira spp., Anacamptis pyramidalis, Bromus hordeaceus, Carex arenaria, Cerastium spp.,Corynephorus canescens, Erodium glutinosum, E. lebelii, Galium verum, Gentiana campestris, G.cruciata, Koeleria spp., Milium scabrum, Myosotis ramosissima, Ononis repens, Phleum arenarium,Polygala vulgaris var. dunensis, Silene conica, S. otites, Trifolium scabrum, Tuberaria guttata, Violacurtisii, V. rupestris var. arenaria; Mosses- Tortula ruraliformis; Lichens- Cladonia spp.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: 16.221 -"SD12 Carex arenaria-Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillarisgrassland", "SD8 Festuca rubra-Galium verum fixed dune grassland", "SD7 Ammophilaarenaria-Festuca rubra semi-fixed dune community" and "SD11 Carex arenaria-Cornicularia aculeata dune community". 16.226 - "SD9b Ammophila arenaria-Arrhenatherum elatius dune grassland Geranium sanguineum sub-community". 16.227 -Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 30

most likely, certain sub-communities of the type "SD7 Ammophila arenaria-Festuca rubrasemi-fixed dune community" and "SD11 Carex arenaria-Cornicularia aculeata dunecommunity".German classification: "1003 Dünenrasen (Graudüne)", "1003a Dünenpionierrasen mit einjähr.Vegetation (Thero-Airion)", "1003b Dünenrasen mit geschlossener Narbe u. überwieg.ausdauernden Arten (Graudüne)".Nordic classification: "4141 Corynephorus canescens-typ" and "4142 Festuca rubra-Hieraciumumbellatum-typ".4) There is a transition towards communities of Mesobromion (34.31 - 34) in the following cases: oldmesophile grasslands of dune slacks and inner dunes (Anthyllido Thesietum), frequently in mosaicwith communities of Salix repens and particularly developed on the west face of the dunes; grasslandswith Himantoglossum hircinum of the dunes in the De Haan area.Dune scrubs (16.25) and humid dune slacks (16.3) with distinct vegetation form closely knitcomplexes with grey dunes devoid of ligneous vegetation.5) Andersson, D. (1950). The Scanian sand vegetation - a survey. Bot. Not. 1950:145-172.Curtis, T.G.F. (1991). The flora and vegetation of sand dunes in Ireland. In: A Guide to the SandDunes of Ireland (M.B. Quigley, Ed.). 42-46. European Union for Dune Conservation and CoastalManagement.Dargie, T.C.D. (1993). Sand dune vegetation survey of Great Britain. Part II Scotland. JNCC,Peterborough.Doody, J.P. (1991). Sand Dune Inventory of Europe. JNCC, Peterborough and EUCC.Meshinev, T, V. Velchev, A. Petrova, I. Apostolova, P. Vassilev,1994. Flora and vegetation of thedunes in the Sunny Beach Resort. Sofia, 59 pp.Rivas-Martínez, S., Lousã, M., Díaz, T.E., Fernández-González, F. & Costa, J.C. (1990). Lavegetación del sur de Portugal (Sado, Alentejo y Algarve). Itinera Geobot. 3. 5 - 126.Tzonev, R., M. Dimitrov, V. Roussakova, 2005. Dune vegetation on the Bulgarian Black sea coast.Hacquetia, 4/1:7-32.2140 * Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrumPAL.CLASS.: 16.231) Decalcified dunes colonised by Empetrum nigrum heaths of the coasts. Syntaxa associated to thishabitat type: Empetrion nigri, Calluno Genistion pilosae p., Ericion tetralicis p.- The term "fixed" should be taken to mean the opposite of "shifting". The psychrophilic coastalassociation Carici trinervis-Callunetum vulgaris de Foucault & Gehu 78 may be included here.2) Plants: Carex arenaria, Empetrum nigrum, Genista tinctoria, Pyrola rotundifolia.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H11b Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenaria heath community, Empetrumnigrum ssp. nigrum sub-community".German classification : "100401 Krähenbeer-Heide der Küsten".In Germany highly endangeredcoastal Empetrum nigrum heathland on the Geest are included.Nordic classification: "4143 Calluna vulgaris-Empetrum nigrum-Carex arenaria-typ".4) Humid dune slacks (16.3), grey dunes (16.22), wooded dunes (16.22, 16.25).5) Mc.Manus, D. (1988). Plant community dynamics on sand dunes at Murlough National NatureReserve, Dundrum, Co. Down, Northern Ireland. M.Phil. Thesis, University of Ulster.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 31

Olsson, H. (1993). Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)Ecosystems of the world 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems, polar regions and Europe. Elsevier,Amsterdam. pp. 131-143.2150 * Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea)PAL.CLASS.: 16.241) Decalcified dunes of France, Belgium and Britain, colonised by heaths of the alliancesCalluno-Genistion or Ulicion minoris, and of Iberia, colonised by heaths of the alliance Ericionumbellatae.2) Plants: Calluna vulgaris, Carex arenaria, C. trinervis, Erica ciliaris, E. cinerea, E. scoparia, Festucavasconcensis, Pseudoarrhenatherum longifolium (Arrhenatherum thorei), Ulex australis.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H11a Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenaria heath-Erica cinereasub-community" and "H11c Calluna vulgaris-Carex arenaria species poor sub-community"and "H1d Calluna vulgaris-Festuca ovina heath Carex arenaria sub-community".4) Pioneer phase of this habitat: decalcified fixed dunes colonised by Corynephorus canescens andCladonia spp. (64.1 x 35.2).2160 Dunes with Hippophae rhamnoidesPAL.CLASS.: 16.2511) Sea-buckthorn formations of forest colonisation in both dry and humid dune depressions.2) Plants: Hippophae rhamnooides.2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salicionarenariea)PAL.CLASS.: 16.261) Salix repens communities (Salicion arenariae), colonising wet dune slacks. Following the lowering ofthe ground water table or accumulation of drift sand, these communities may develop into mesophilouscommunities as the Pyrolo-Salicetum (with Pyrola rotundifolia, Viola canina, Monotropa hypopitys)or, into xerophilous Salix communities (with Carlina vulgaris, Thalictrum minus) or into Salix repenscommunities with Mesobromion elements.2) Plant species: Salix repens ssp. argentea (i.e. Salix arenaria).3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "SD16 Salix repens-Holcus lanatus dune slack".German classification : "1006b Kriechweiden-Teppiche der Dünen".Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 32

4) This habitat forms mosaics with other dune slack vegetation containing Salix arenaria but which is richin bryophytes and referable to the Caricion davallianae (16.33), as well as mosaics with dunegrasslands and with thickets with Rosa pimpinellifolia. This habitat is often invaded by Hippophaerhamnoides and Ligustrum vulgare.5) Anon. (1977). A study of the Raven, Co. Wexford. An Foras Forbartha/Forest and Wildlife Service,Dublin.Cotton, J. (1974). Pyrola rotundifolia L. in Co. Wexford (H12). Ir. Nat. J. 18, 44-46.Olsson, H. (1993). Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)Ecosystems of the world 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems, polar regions and Europe. Elsevier,Amsterdam, pp. 131-143.2180 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal regionPAL.CLASS.: 16.291) Natural or semi-natural forests (long established) of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region coastaldunes with a well developed woodland structure and an assemblage of characteristic woodland species.It corresponds to oak groves and beech-oak groves with birch (Quercion robori-petraeae) on acid soils,as well as forests of the Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order. Pioneer stages are open forests withBetula spp. and Crataegus monogyna, mixed forests with Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Ulmusminor and Acer pseudoplatanus or, in wet dune slacks, pioneer forests with Salix alba which developinto humid mixed forests or marsh forests. On southern atlantic coasts, it mainly corresponds to mixedPinus pinaster-Quercus ilex forests, forests of Quercus suber and Quercus robur or forest stage withQuercus robur or Quercus pubescens. On Baltic coasts also pioneer forests of Alnus spp. or Pinussylvestris.2) Plant species are highly varied and depend on local site conditions3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "430804 Buchenbuschwald (auf Ostseedünen)", "430801 Traubeneichen-Hainbuchenwald (küstennah, gischtbeeinflußt, F02)", "43080501 Eichen-Trockenwaldlalkarmer Standorte (küstennah, gischtbeeinflußt, F02)", "440202 trockener Sandkiefernwald(küstennah, gischtbeeinflußt, F02)".4) This habitat type include semi-natural forests with a typical undergrowth, spontaneously developedfrom old plantations. These forests are generally associated with dune scrubs (preforest stages-16.25),dune moors, grey dunes (16.22) and wet dune slacks (16.3).5) Kielland-Lund. J. (1967). Zur Systematik der Kiefernwälder Fennoscandiensis. Mitt. Flor.-Soz.Arbeitsgem.N.F. 11/12:127-141.2190 Humid dune slacksPAL.CLASS.: 16.3 = 16.31 to 16.351) Humid depressions of dunal systems. Humid dune-slacks are extremely rich and specialisedhabitats very threatened by the lowering of water tables.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 33

Sub-types :16.31 - Dune-slack pools (Charetum tomentosae, Elodeetum canadense, Hippuridetum vulgaris,Hottonietum palustris, Potametum pectinati): fresh-water aquatic communities (cf. 22.4) ofpermanent dune-slack water bodies.16.32 - Dune-slack pioneer swards (Juncenion bufonii p.: Gentiano-Erythraeetum littoralis,Hydrocotylo-Baldellion): pioneer formations of humid sands and dune pool fringes, on soilswith low salinity.16.33 - Dune-slack fens: calcareous and, occasionally, acidic fen formations (cf. 54.2, 54.4, inparticular 54.21, 54.2H, 54.49), often invaded by creeping willow, occupying the wettest partsof dune-slacks.16.34 - Dune-slack grasslands: humid grasslands and rushbeds (see 37.31, 37.4) of dune-slacks,also often with creeping willows (Salix rosmarinifolia, S. arenaria).16.35 - Dune-slack reedbeds, sedgebeds and canebeds: reedbeds, tall-sedge communities andcanebeds (cf. 53.1, 53.2, 53.3) of dune-slacks.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "SD13 Salix repens-Bryum pseudotriquetrum dune slackcommunity", "SD14 Salix repens-Campylium stellatum dune slack community", "SD15Salix repens-Calliergon cuspidatum dune slack community", "SD16 Salix repens-Holcuslanatus dune slack community" and "SD17 Potentilla anserina-Carex nigra dune slackcommunity".5) Olsson, H. (1993). Dry coastal ecosystems of southern Sweden. In: van der Maarel, E. (ed.)Ecosystems of the world 2A. Dry coastal ecosystems, polar regions and Europe. Elsevier,Amsterdam, pp. 131-143.21A0PAL.CLASS.: 1AMachairs ( * in Ireland)1) Complex habitat comprised of a sandy coastal plain resulting partially from grazing and/or rotationalcultivation, in an oceanic location with a cool, moist climate. The wind blown sand has a significantpercentage of shell derived material, forming a lime rich soil with pH values normally greater than 7.Vegetation is herbaceous, with a low frequency of sand binding species.2) Plants: Cochlearia scotica, Dactylorhiza fuchsii ssp. hebridensis, Euphrasia marshallii, Festucarubra, Galium verum, Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, Poa pratensis, Trifolium repens.4) Lakes (ponds and small lakes in Scotland) of widely varying salinity, pH and chemical composition,transitions to saltmarsh and blanket bog are associated habitats. In the United Kingdom, twelvedifferent types of vegetation under the National Vegetation Classification can be identified.5) Bassett, A. & Curtis, T.G.F. (1985). The nature and occurrence of sand-dune machair in Ireland.Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 85B: 1 - 20.Curtis, T.G.F. (1991). The flora and vegetation of sand dunes in Ireland. In: A Guide to the SandDunes of Ireland (M.B. Quigley, Ed.). 42-46. European Union for Dune Conservation and CoastalManagement.Ritchie, W. (1975). The meaning and definition of machair. Transactions of the Botanical Society ofEdinburgh, 42, 431-440.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 34

Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast2210 Crucianellion maritimae fixed beach dunesPAL.CLASS.: 16.2231) Fixed dunes of the western and central Mediterranean, of the Adriatic, of the Ionian Sea and NorthAfrica with Crucianella maritima, Pancratium maritimum.2) Plants: Crucianella maritima, Pancratium maritimum.2220 Dunes with Euphorbia terracinaPAL.CLASS.: 16.2241) Coastal dune grassland communities, with, among others, Euphorbia terracina, Silene nicaeensis,Ephedra distachya and Silene subconica.2) Plants: Euphorbia terracina, Ephedra distachya, Silene nicaeensis, S. subconica.2230 Malcolmietalia dune grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 16.2281) Associations with many small annuals and often abundant ephemeral spring bloom, withMalcolmia lacera, M. ramosissima, Evax astericiflora, E. lusitanica, Anthyllis hamosa, Linariapedunculata, of deep sands in dry interdunal depressions of the coasts. They are dunalrepresentatives of 35.4.2) Plants: Malcolmia lacera, M. ramosissima, Evax astericiflora, E. lusitanica, Anthyllis hamosa,Linaria pedunculata.2240 Brachypodietalia dune grasslands with annualsPAL.CLASS.: 16.2291) Dunal formations of 6220 - Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of theThero-Brachypodietea: Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, mostly open, short-grassperennial grasslands rich in therophytes; therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich,often calcareous substrates.2) Plants: Brachypodium spp.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 35

2250 * Coastal dunes with Juniperus spp.PAL.CLASS.: 16.27 and 64.6131) Juniper formations [Juniperus turbinata ssp. turbinata (=J. lycia, J. phoenicea ssp. lycia), J.macrocarpa, J. navicularis (=J. transtagana, J. oxycedrus ssp. transtagana), J. communis] ofMediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal dune slacks and slopes (Juniperion lyciae). Juniperuscommunis formations of calcareous dunes. This habitat type includes the communities of J. communisfrom the calcareous dunes of Jutland and the communities of J. phoenicea ssp. lycia in Rièges woodsin the Camargue.2) Plants: Juniperus turbinata ssp. turbinata, J. macrocarpa, J. navicularis, J. communis, J. oxycedrus.4) In the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of the Iberian peninsula this habitat type is associated withdune scrubs of Corema album (Rubio-Coremion albi) and substitution matorral of the Halimiumhalimifolium dune scrubs (Stauracantha-Halimietalia)5) Franco, A.J. (1986). Juniperus L. In: Flora Iberica 1: 181 - 188. MadridRivas-Martínez, S.; Lousã, M.; Díaz, T.E.; Fernández-González, F. & Costa, J.C. (1990). Lavegetación del sur de Portugal (Sado, Alentejo y Algarve). Itinera Geobot. 3. 5 - 126.Rivas-Martínez, S.; Wildpret, W. & Pérez de Paz, P.L. (1993). Datos sobre Juniperus phoeniceaaggr. (Cupressaceae). Itinera Geobot. 7: 509 - 512.2260 Cisto-Lavenduletalia dune sclerophyllous scrubsPAL.CLASS.: 16.281) Sclerophyllous or lauriphyllus scrubs established on dunes of the Mediterranean and Warm-Temperate Humid regions. Codes of 32 may be used in addition to 16.28 to precise the habitat.Also similar sclerophyllous dune vegetation included in 16.28 of the Pistacio-Rhamnetalia andCisto-Micromeritia.2270 * Wooded dunes with Pinus pinea and/or Pinus pinasterPAL.CLASS.: 16.29 x 42.81) Coastal dunes colonised by Mediterranean and Atlantic thermophilous pines, corresponding to thesubstitution facies or in some stations climax formations of evergreen oak of artificial origin(Quercetalia ilicis or Ceratonio-Rhamnetalia)..2) Plants: Pinus pinea, P. pinaster, P. halepensis, Juniperus macrocarpa, J. turbinata ssp. turbinata.4 Long-established plantations of these pines, within their natural area of occurrence, and with anundergrowth basically similar to that of paraclimacic formations, are included in this habitat typeInland dunes, old and decalcifiedInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 36

2310 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and GenistaPAL.CLASS.: 64.1 x 31.2231) Dunes of the North Sea and Baltic plains, formed of quartzic sands originating in redeposited andreworked glacial drift and outwash. They are highly siliceous in the Netherlands, northern Belgiumand north-western Germany, progressively slightly less oligotrophic and with a more continentalspecies assemblage in north-eastern Germany, Poland and the eastern Baltic plain. The dunesystems, particularly the large ones, harbour a unique ensemble of interacting communities andharbour many specialised and localised organisms. They have considerably regressed and theremaining examples are fragile and often threatened. Vegetation is dominated by heaths withCalluna and Genista.2) Plants: Calluna vulgaris, Genista anglica, G. pilosa.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: "5114 Genista spp.-Calluna vulgaris-typ", "5115 Calluna vulgaris-typ".5) Malmer, N. (1965). The south-western dwarf shrub heaths. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 50:123-130.2320 Dry sand heaths with Calluna and Empetrum nigrumPAL.CLASS.: 64.1 x 31.2271) Coastal non-dunal Calluna vulgaris and Empetrum nigrum heaths, formed on quartzic sandsoriginating in redeposited and reworked glacial drift and outwash.2) Plants: Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "4143 Calluna vulgaris-Empetrum nigrum-Carex arenaria-typ".5) Malmer, N. (1965). The south-western dwarf shrub heaths. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 50:123-130.2330 Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and AgrostisgrasslandsPAL.CLASS.: (64.11 or 64.12) x 35.21) Open formations found on inland dunes with dry siliceous soils, of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic andMediterraneo-montane distribution, often species-poor and with a strong representation of annuals.It includes formations of unstable Germano-Baltic fluvio-glacial inland sands with Corynephoruscanescens, Carex arenaria, Spergula morisonii, Teesdalia nudicaulis and carpets of fruticoselichens (Cladonia, Cetraria) (64.11) and other grasslands of more stabilised Germano-Balticfluvio-glacial inland dune systems with Agrostis spp. and Corynephorus canescens or otheracidophilous grasses (64.12).2) Plants: 64.11 - Corynephorus canescens, Carex arenaria, Spergula morisonii, Teesdalianudicaulis, Cladonia, Cetraria; 64.12 - Agrostis spp., Corynephorus canescens.3) Corresponding categoriesInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 37

United Kingdom classification : "SD11 Carex arenaria-Cornicularia aculeata dune community p.p."and "SD12 Carex arenaria-Festuca ovina-Agrostis capillaris grassland p.p.".Nordic classification : "4141 Corynephorus canescens-typ".5) Olsson, H. (1974). Studies on South Swedish sand vegetation. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 60:1-170.2340 * Pannonic inland dunesPAL.CLASS.: 64.711) Inland dunes of the Pannonic plain and of neighbouring basins. In former days widely distributedas a result of hay harvesting and grazing. Good examples exist in mosaics of different habitats withopen sand, dune lichen communities, pioneer swards with many therophytes, open and closedswards. Only these habitat complexes should be considered under this title. For steppes andmeadow-steppes on stabilised sand or sandy soils, not associated with dune complexes, see habitat6260 (34.A1).2) Plants: Cladonia convoluta, C. furcata, Corynephorus canescens, Thymus serpyllum, Viola tricolorssp. tricolor, Cerastium semidecandrum, Spergularia morisonii, Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii,Bassia laniflora, Cynodon dactylon.3) Corresponding categoriesAustrian syntaxa: Thymo angustifolii-Corynephoretum canescentis (fragmentary in disturbed sites).4) Habitat complexes with a variety of particular plant communities and microsites.5) Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, T. (1993). Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil 1.Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.Standing waterFRESHWATER HABITATS3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals ofsandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae)PAL.CLASS.: 22.11 x 22.311) Shallow oligotrophic waters with few minerals and base poor, with an aquatic to amphibious lowperennial vegetation belonging to the Littorelletalia uniflorae order, on oligotrophic soils of lake andpond banks (sometimes on peaty soils). This vegetation consists of one or more zones, dominated byLittorella, Lobelia dortmana or Isoetes, although not all zones may not be found at a given site.2) Plants: Isoetes lacustris, I. echinospora, Littorella uniflora, Lobelia dortmanna, Deschampsia setacea,Subularia aquatica, Juncus bulbosus, Pilularia globulifera, #Luronium natans, Potamogetonpolygonifolius; in the Boreal region also Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Drepanocladus spp.,Warnstorfia spp. and Fontinalis spp.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 38

3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "24020201 kalkarmer, oligotropher See des Tief- und Hügellands", "24020301kalkarmes, oligotrophes, sich selbst überlassenes Abbaugewässer".Nordic classification: "6413 Lobelia dortmanna-Isoetes spp.typ", "6414 Littorella uniflora-Lobeliadortmanna-typ". In the Boreal region this habitat is particularly found on glacio fluvial soiland with usually dense isoetid vegetation, sparse reedbeds, helophytic vegetation andcarpets of submerged bryophytes.4) This habitat is found in association with heath (31.1) and Nanocyperion (22.32) communities.In France and Ireland this habitat occurs, in particular, in heathland of sandy plains on podzols, wherethe water table occurs at the surface5) Mäkirinta, U. (1978). Die Pflanzensoziologische Gliederung der Wasservegetation im See Kukkia,Südfinnland. Acta Univ. Ouluensis Ser. A. Scientiae Rerum Naturalium Nr. 75, biologica Nr.5.Thunmark, S. (1931). Der See Fiolen und seine Vegetation. Acta Phytogeogr. Suecica. II:1-198.3120 Oligotrophic waters containing very few mineralsgenerally on sandy soils of the West Mediterraneanwith Isoetes spp.PAL.CLASS.: 22.11 x 22.341) Dwarf amphibious vegetation of oligotrophic waters with few minerals, mostly on sandy soils of theMediterranean region and some irradiations in the thermo-Atlantic sector, and belonging to the Isoeto-Nano-Juncetea. Short grasslands of temporary ponds (the Annex I priority habitat type 3170) is aparticular subtype (temporary and very shallow waters).2) Plant species: high level - Isoetes velata, I. setacea, Pilularia minuta, #Marsilea strigosa; low level -Isoetes histrix, I. durieui, Serapias spp. (Serapion).3) Correspondances:In the Azores the corresponding association is Anthemido-Menthetum pulegii Lüp., with Anthemisnobilis, Mentha pulegium, Juncus bulbosos, Hypericum humifusum, Scirpus setacea, Peplis portula,Isoetes azoricaInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 39

3130 Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters withvegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or Isoeto-NanojunceteaPAL.CLASS.: 22.12 x (22.31 and 22.32)1) 22.12 x 22.31 - aquatic to amphibious short perennial vegetation, oligotrophic to mesotrophic, of lake,pond and pool banks and water-land interfaces belonging to the Littorelletalia uniflorae order.22.12 x 22.32 - amphibious short annual vegetation, pioneer of land interface zones of lakes, pools andponds with nutrient poor soils, or which grows during periodic drying of these standing waters: Isoeto-Nanojuncetea class.These two units can grow together in close association or separately. Characteristic plant species aregenerally small ephemerophytes.2) Plants: 22.12 x 22.31: Littorella uniflora, #Luronium natans, Potamogeton polygonifolius, Pilulariaglobulifera, Juncus bulbosus ssp. bulbosus, Eleocharis acicularis, Sparganium minimum.22.12 X 22.32 : #Lindernia procumbens, Elatine spp., Eleocharis ovata, Juncus tenageia, Cyperusfuscus, C.flavescens, C.michelianus, Limosella aquatica, Schoenoplectus supinus, Scirpus setaceus,Juncus bufonius, Centaurium pulchellum, Centunculus minimus, Cicendia filiformis.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "240301 mesotropher See (Bleisee) (mit Zwergbinsenfluren -wechselnass-,P143)", "240306 meso- bis eutrophes, sich selbst überlassenes Abbaugewässer (mitZwergbinsenfluren -wechselnass-, P143)".Nordic classification : "6411 Eleocharis acicularis-typ", "6412 Ranunculus reptans-Subulariaaquatica-typ".in the Azores the corresponding association is Isoetetum azorica Lüp.4) This habitat type could also develop in wet dune slacks (see 16.32 in 2190, included in Annex I).In the Atlantic region, such lakes can shelter glacial relict species, e.g. fish such as Selvelinus alpinus.Areas with a variable hydrological system, periodically lacking vegetation due to trampling, should notbe included.5) Jenssen, S. (1979). Classification of lakes in southern Sweden on the basis of their macrophytecomposition by means of multivariate methods. Vegetatio 39:129-146.3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetationof Chara spp.PAL.CLASS.: (22.12 or 22.15) x 22.441) Lakes and pools with waters fairly rich in dissolved bases (pH often 6-7) (21.12) or with mostlyblue to greenish, very clear, waters poor (to moderate) in nutrients, base-rich (pH often >7.5)(21.15). The bottom of these unpolluted water bodies are covered with charophyte, Chara andNitella, algal carpets. In the Boreal region this habitat type includes small calcareous-rich oligomesotrophicgyttja pools with dense Chara (dominating species is C. strigosa) carpets, oftensurrounded by various eutrophic fens and pine bogs.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 40

2) Plants: Chara spp., Nitella spp.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "633 Långskottsvegetation med kransalger", "6421 Littorella uniflora-Charaspp. -typ"5) Lundh, A. (1951). Studies on the vegetation and hydrochemistry of Scanian lakes. III. Distributionof macrophytes and some algal groups. Bot. Not. Suppl. 3(1):1-138.Rintanen, T. (1982). Botanical lake types in Finnish Lappland. Ann. Bot. Fennici 19:247-274.3150 Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion orHydrocharition - type vegetationPAL.CLASS.: 22.13 x (22.41 or 22.421)1) Lakes and ponds with mostly dirty grey to blue-green, more or less turbid, waters, particularly richin dissolved bases (pH usually > 7), with free-floating surface communities of the Hydrocharitionor, in deep, open waters, with associations of large pondweeds (Magnopotamion).2) Plants: Hydrocharition - Lemna spp., Spirodela spp., Wolffia spp., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae,Stratiotes aloides, Utricularia australis, U. vulgaris, #Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Ferns (Azolla),Liverworts (Riccia spp., Ricciocarpus spp.); Magnopotamion - Potamogeton lucens, P. praelongus,P. zizii, P. perfoliatus.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "632 Potamogeton spp.-huvudtyp", "6511 Lemna minor-Spirodelapolyrrhiza-typ".5) Dahl, E., Kalliola, R., Marker, E. & Persson, Å. (1971). Nordisk vegetationsklassificering förkartläggning. In: IBP i Norden 7. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp. 3-12.3160 Natural dystrophic lakes and pondsPAL.CLASS.: 22.141) Natural lakes and ponds with brown tinted water due to peat and humic acids, generally on peaty soilsin bogs or in heaths with natural evolution toward bogs. pH is often low, 3 to 6. Plant communitiesbelong to the order Utricularietalia.2) Plants: Utricularia spp, Rhynchospora alba, R. fusca, Sparganium minimum, Sphagnum species. In theBoreal region also Nuphar lutea, N. pumila, Carex lasiocarpa, C. rostrata, Nymphaea candida,Drepanocladus spp., Warnstorfia trichophylla, W. procera.Animals: Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "240101 natürliches, distrophes Gewässer (z. B. Kolk, Moorauge, Randlagg).Nordic classification : "6211 Nuphar-typ", "652 Vattenmossvegetation".Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 41

3170 * Mediterranean temporary pondsPAL.CLASS.: 22.341) Very shallow temporary ponds (a few centimetres deep) which exist only in winter or late spring, witha flora mainly composed of Mediterranean therophytic and geophytic species belonging to thealliances Isoetion, Nanocyperion flavescentis, Preslion cervinae, Agrostion salmanticae,Heleochloion and Lythrion tribracteati.2) Plants: Agrostis pourretii, Centaurium spicatum, Chaetopogon fasciculatus, Cicendia filiformis,Crypsis aculeata, C. alopecuroides, C. schoenoides, Cyperus flavescens, C. fuscus, C. michelianus,Damasonium alisma, Elatine macropoda, Eryngium corniculatum, E. galioides, Exaculum pusillum,Fimbristylis bisumbellata, Glinus lotoides, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Illecebrum verticillatum, #Isoetesboryana, I. delilei, I. duriei, I. heldreichii, I. histrix, #I. malinverniana, I. velata, Juncus buffonius, J.capitatus, J. pygmaeus, J. tenageia, Lythrum castellanum, *L. flexuosum, L. tribracteatum, #Marsileabatardae, #M. strigosa, Mentha cervina, Ranunculus dichotomiflorus, R. lateriflorus, Serapias lingua,S. neglecta, S. vomeracea.3) Corresponding categoriesIn the Azores the corresponding association is Anthemido-Menthetum pulegii Lüp., with Anthemisnobilis, Mentha pulegium, Juncus bulbosos, Hypericum humifusum, Scirpus setacea, Peplisportula, Isoetes azorica.3180 * TurloughsPAL.CLASS.: 22.51) Temporary lakes principally filled by subterranean waters and particular to karstic limestone areas.Most flood in the autumn and then dry up between April and July. However, some may flood at anytime of the year after heavy rainfall and dry out again in a few days; others, close to the sea, may beaffected by the tide in summer. These lakes fill and empty at particular places. The soils are quitevariable, including limestone bedrock, marls, peat, clay and humus, while aquatic conditions rangefrom ultra oligotrophic to eutrophic. The vegetation mainly belongs to the alliance Lolio-Potentillionanserinae Tx. 1947, but also to the Caricion davallianae Klika 1934.2) Plants: Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Fontinalis antipyretica (Bryophyta).Animals: Tanymastix stagnalis (wet phase) and the beetles Agonum lugens, A. livens, Badistermeridionalis, Blethisa multipunctata and Pelophila borealis (dry phase) 15 .5) Coxon, C.E. (1986). A study of the hydrology and geomorphology of turloughs. Ph.D. Thesis, TrinityCollege, Dublin.Coxon, C.E. (1987). The spatial distribution of turloughs. Irish Geography. 20: 11 - 23.Goodwillie, R. (1992). Turloughs over 10 ha: vegetation survey and evaluation. A report for theNational Parks and Wildlife Service of the Office of Public Works (unpublished).Macgowran, B. (1985). Phytosociological and ecological studies on turloughs in the west of Ireland.Ph.D. Thesis, National University of Ireland, Dublin.Praeger, R.L. (1932). The flora of turloughs: a preliminary note. Proceedings of the Royal IrishAcademy. 41B: 37 - 45.Sykora, K.V. (1982). Lolio-Potentillion Communities in Ireland. Acta Botanica Neerlandica. 31(3):185 - 199.15The animals listed should not be regarded as characteristic in any strict sense; both fauna and flora of turloughs arecharacteristic of intermittently flooded zones.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 42

3190 Lakes of gypsum karstPAL.CLASS.: 22.12p1) Small permanent lakes that have developed in springs or spring complexes of active gypsum karstareas. These water bodies are characterised by large fluctuations of water level (up to 2.5 m) whichis related with the level of the underlying water table and amount of precipitation. Maximum depthof the pools does not exceed 7 m, but the stratification is well-expressed. Intensive gypsum solutionleads to high saturation of Ca 2+ 2-and SO 4 ions in water. The unusual conditions allow uniquecolonies and mats of green and purple sulphurous bacteria to develop in the lakes. Communities ofCharetea, Lemnetea and Potamogetonion are the dominant elements of the water vegetation.2) Plants: Lemna trisulca, Chara globularis, Chara contraria, Warnstorfia exannulata, Ceratophyllumdemersum, Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton lucens, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Sparganiumerectum4) These lakes are similar in some respects to 3180 Turloughs but that habitat is found in limestone notgypsum areas and does not support mats of green and purple bacteria31A0*Transylvanian hot-spring lotus bedsPAL.CLASS.: 22.431131) Formations of Nymphaea lotus of geo-thermal waters (unit 66.94) of Petea Lake, western Romania.2) Plants Nymphaea lotus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Sparganium erectum ssp neglectum, Butomusumbellatus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Phragmites australis.Animals: Molluscs (Gastropoda) – Melanopsis parreyss, Fish – Scardinius erythrophalmusracovitzae.5) Bănărescu, P. (1964). Fauna RPR. – Pisces- Osteichthyes. Edit. Acad. RPR. XIII:355-356.Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Olteanu-Cozma, C. (1959). Biologia si ecologia plantei Nymphaea lotus L. var.thermalis(DC.)Tusz. de la Baile 1 Mai - Oradea. Ocr.Nat., 46) Hungarian examples (e.g. Budapest) are introductions.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 43

Running waterSections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average andmajor beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration3210 Fennoscandian natural riversPAL.CLASS.: -1) Boreal and hemiboreal natural and near-natural river systems or parts of such systems containingnutrient-poor water. The water level shows great amplitude, up to 6 m during the year. Especiallyduring the spring, the water level is high. The water-dynamics can vary and contain waterfalls,rapid streams, calm water, and small lakes adjacent to the river. The water erosion causes a higheramount of nutrients towards the river-mouth, where sedimentation starts. In higher levels the riversare characterized by great, very cold water flows, coming from glaciers, deep snowbeds and largesnow-covered areas in mire- and woodlands. In addition the water surface in placid river sections isfrozen to ice every winter. These circumstances create ecosystems unique to this part of Europe.2) Plants. Salix daphnoides, Myricaria germanica, Taraxacum crocodes, Cinna latifolia, Sagittarianatans x sagittifolia, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Stellaria nemorum ssp. nemorum, Sparganiumglomeratum, Carex aquatilis, Hygrohypnum ochraceumAnimals : Molluscs- # Margaritifera margaritifera. Insects- Plecoptera spp., Baetis spp.,Centroptilum spp., Fish- # Salmo salar, # S. salar m. sebago, S. trutta trutta, S. trutta lacustris,#Petromyzon marinus, # Lampetra fluviatilis, Thymallus thymallus, # Cottus gobio s. lat., C.poecilobus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Phoxinus aphya5) Ericsson, S. (1985).- Älvens miljöer. In: Älvboken . Fältbiologerna.Nilsson, Ch. (1978).- Vegetationens överlevnadsekologi på Gardikens regleringsstränder - enproblemorientering. Svensk Bot. Tidskr., 72: 227.Nilsson, Ch. (1979). - Floraförändringar vid kraftverksutbyggnad. Ibid. 73: 266.Nilsson, Ch. (1979). - Vegetationförhållanden i kraftverksälvar. Ibid. 73: 257.Sjörs, H. (1973). - Om botaniska skyddsvärden vid älvarna. Rapport till SNV för Utredningenrörande vattenkraftsutbyggnader i södra Norrland och norra Svealand. Växtbiol.inst.Uppsala.3220 Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along theirbanksPAL.CLASS.: 24.221 and 24.2221) 24.221 - Open assemblages of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, rich in alpine species,colonising gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime, formed in northernboreal and lower Arctic mountains, hills and sometimes lowlands, as well as in the alpine andsubalpine zones of higher, glaciated, mountains of more southern regions, sometimes with abyssalstations at lower altitudes (Epilobion fleischeri p.).24.222 - Open or closed assemblages of herbaceous or suffrutescent pioneering plants, colonising,within the montane or sub-montane levels, gravel beds of streams with an alpine, summer-high, flowregime, born in high mountains (Epilobion fleischeri p., Calamagrostion pseudophragmitis).2) Plants: 24.221 - Astragalus sempervirens, Dryas octopetala, Epilobium fleischeri, Gypsophilarepens, Rhacomitrium canescens, Rumex cutatus, Saxifraga aizoides, S. bryoides, S. caerulea,Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 44

Trifolium palescens; 24.222 - Chondrilla chondrilloides, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites,Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Gypsophila repens, Dryas octopetala, Aethionema saxatile, Epilobiumdodonaei, Erigeron acris, Leontodon berinii, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Euphorbia cyparissias,Fumana procumbens, Agrostis gigantea, Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris, Campanulacochleariifolia, Hieracium piloselloides, Calamagrostis pseudophragmites, Conyza canadensis,Pritzelago alpina, and seedlings of Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea, Salix daphnoides andMyricaria germanica.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "7211 Calamagrostis stricta-Lotus corniculatus-Oxyria digyna-typ", "7214Racomitrium canescens-Oxyria digyna -typ", "7222 Eriophorum scheuchzeri -typ", "7223Calamagrostis stricta -typ" and "7224 Carex aquatilis-Equisetum fluviatile -typ".3230 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation withMyricaria germanicaPAL.CLASS.: 24.223 x 44.1111) Communities of low shrubby pioneers invading the herbaceous formations of 24.221 and 24.222 ongravel deposits rich in fine silt, of mountain and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high,flow regime. Myricaria germanica and Salix spp. are characteristic (Salici-Myricarietum).2) Plants:, Myricaria germanica, Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis, Salix daphnoides, Salixnigricans.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : "7212 Myricaria germanica-typ".3240 Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation withSalix elaeagnosPAL.CLASS.: 24.224 x 44.1121) Thickets or woods of, among others, Salix spp., Hippophae rhamnoides, Alnus spp., Betula spp., onstream gravels of mountain and northern boreal streams with an alpine, summer-high, flow regime.Formations of Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis, Salix daphnoides, Salix nigricans andHippophae rhamnoides of higher gravel shoals in Alpine and peri-Alpine valleys.2) Plants: Salix elaeagnos, Salix purpurea ssp. gracilis, Salix daphnoides, Salix nigricans andHippophae rhamnoides.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 45

3250 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers withGlaucium flavumPAL.CLASS.: 24.2251) Communities colonising gravel deposits of rivers with a Mediterranean, summer-low, flow regime,with formations of the Glaucion flavi.2) Plants: Myricaria germanica, Erucastrum nasturtiifolium, Glaucium flavum, Oenothera biennis.3260 Water courses of plain to montane levels with theRanunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-BatrachionvegetationPAL.CLASS.: 24.41) Water courses of plain to montane levels, with submerged or floating vegetation of the Ranunculionfluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion (low water level during summer) or aquatic mosses.2) Plants: Ranunculus saniculifolius, R. trichophyllus, R. fluitans, R. peltatus, R. penicillatus ssp.penicillatus, R. penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitantis, R. aquatilis, Myriophyllum spp., Callitriche spp.,Sium erectum, Zannichellia palustris, Potamogeton spp., Fontinalis antipyretica.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "23010101 naturnahes, kalkreiches Epi-/Metarhithral", "23010201 naturnahes,kalkarmes Epi-/Metarhithral", "23010301 naturnahes, kalkreiches Hyporhithral", "23010401naturnahes, kalkarmes Hyporhithral", "23020101 naturnahes Epipotamal", "23010201naturnahes Metapotamal", "23010301 naturnahes Hypopotamal" (mit flutenden Macrophyten,P138).Nordic classification : "6621 Myriophyllum alterniflorum-Potamogeton alpinus-Fontinalisantipyretica-typ".4) This habitat is sometimes associated with Butomus umbellatus bank communities. It is important totake this point into account in the process of site selection.5) Sjörs, H. (1967). Nordisk växtgeografi. 2 uppl. Svenska Bokförlaget Bonniers, Stockholm, 240 pp.3270 Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p.and Bidention p.p. vegetationPAL.CLASS.: 24.521) Muddy river banks of plain to submontane levels, with annual pioneer nitrophilous vegetation of theChenopodion rubri p.p. and the Bidention p.p. alliances. During the spring and at the beginning of thesummer, sites look like muddy banks without any vegetation (developes later in the year). If theconditions are not favourable, this vegetation has a weak development or could be completely absent.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 46

2) Plants: Chenopodium rubrum, Bidens frondosa, Xanthium sp., Polygonum lapathifolium.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "230605 zeitweilig trockenfallende Schlammfläche an fließenden Gewässern(krautreich, P026)", "230605 zeitweilig trockenfallende Schlammfläche an fließendenGewässern (krautreich, P026)".4) This habitat is found in close association with dense populations of the genus Bidens or of neophiticspecies. In order to support the conservation of these communities, with a late or irregular annualdevelopment, it is important to take into account bank widths of 50 to 100 m and even parts withoutvegetation (24.51).3280 Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Paspalo-Agrostidion species and hanging curtains of Salix andPopulus albaPAL.CLASS.: 24.531) Nitrophilous annual and perennial grass and sedge formations of the alluvial banks of largeMediterranean rivers, with Paspalum paspaloides, P. vaginatum, Polypogon viridis (= Agrostissemiverticillata), Cyperus fuscus, and hanging curtains of Salix spp and Populus alba.2) Plants: Paspalum paspaloides, P. vaginatum, Polypogon viridis (= Agrostis semiverticillata),Cyperus fuscus, Salix spp., Populus alba.3290 Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers of thePaspalo-AgrostidionPAL.CLASS.: 24.16 and 24.531) Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers with Paspalo-Agrostidion communities. They correspondto the river type 24.53, but with the particularity of an interrupted flow and a dry bed during a part ofthe year. The bed of the river can be completely dry or left with some pools.2) Plants: Polygonum amphibium, Ranunculus fluitans, Potamogeton natans, P. nodosus, P. pectinatus.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 47

TEMPERATE HEATH AND SCRUB4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralixPAL.CLASS.: 31.111) Humid, peaty or semi-peaty heaths, other than blanket bogs, of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domains.2) Plants: Erica tetralix.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M14 Schoenus nigricans-Narthecium ossifragum heath p.p.", "M15Scirpus cespitosus-Narthecium ossifragum mire", "M16 Erica tetralix-Sphagnum compactumwet heath" and "H5 Erica vagans-Schoenus nigricans heath".Nordic classification: "5121 Erica tetralix-typ".4020 * Temperate Atlantic wet heaths with Erica ciliaris andErica tetralixPAL.CLASS.: 31.121) Hygrophilous heaths of areas with a temperate oceanic climate, on semi-peaty or dried-out soils, withsurface minerals in the case of peaty soils (hydromor), with vegetation of the alliances Genistionmicrantho-anglicae and Ulicion minoris: Ulici minoris-Ericetum ciliaris, Ulici gallii-Ericetummackaianae, Ulici minoris-Ericetum tetralicis (Schwickerath 33 Tuxen 37), Cirsiofilipenduli-Ericetum ciliaris.2) Plants: Centaurea uliginosa, Erica ciliaris, E. mackaiana, E. tetralix, Euphorbia polygaliphylla,Genista anglica, G. carpetana, G. micrantha, Sphagnum spp., Ulex minor var. lusitanicus.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H3 Ulex minor-Agrostis heath", "H4 Ulex galli-Agrostis heath" and"M16 Erica tetralix-Sphagnum compactum" where these contain Erica ciliaris.4030 European dry heathsPAL.CLASS.: 31.21) Mesophile or xerophile heaths on siliceous, podsolic soils in moist Atlantic and sub-Atlanticclimates of plains and low mountains of Western, Central and Northern Europe.Sub-types:31.21 - Sub-montane Vaccinium-Calluna heaths. Calluno-Genistion pilosae p.(Vaccinion vitisidaeaep.):Vaccinio myrtilli-Callunetum s.l. i.a.Heaths rich in Vaccinium spp., usually with Calluna vulgaris, of the northern and westernBritish Isles, the Hercynian ranges and the lower levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, thePyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 48

31.22 - Sub-Atlantic Calluna-Genista heaths. Calluno-Genistion pilosae p.Low Calluna heaths often rich in Genista, mostly of the Germano-Baltic lowlands. Similarformations occurring in British upland areas, montane zones of high mountains of the westernMediterranean basin and high rainfall Adriatic influenced areas are most conveniently listedhere.31.23 - Atlantic Erica-Ulex heaths. Ulicenion minoris; Daboecenion cantabricae p.; Ulicionmaritimae p.Heaths rich in gorse (Ulex) of the Atlantic margins.31.24 - Ibero-Atlantic Erica-Ulex-Cistus heaths. Daboecenion cantabricae p.; Ericenionumbellatae p., Ericenion aragonensis; Ulicion maritimae p.; Genistion micrantho-anglicae p.Aquitanian heaths with rock-roses. Iberian heaths with numerous species of heathers (notablyErica umbellata, E. aragonensis) and brooms, rock-roses and often Daboecia. When the rockrosesand other Mediterranean shrubs become dominant they should be classified undersclerophyllous scrubs (32).31.25 - Boreo-Atlantic Erica cinerea heaths.2) Plants: 31.21 - Vaccinium spp., Calluna vulgaris; 31.22 - Calluna vulgaris, Genista anglica, G.germanica, G. pilosa, accompanied by Empetrum nigrum or Vaccinium spp.; 31.23 - Ulexmaritimus, U. gallii, Erica cinerea, E. mackaiana, E. vagans; 31.24 - Erica umbellata, E.aragonensis, E. cinerea, E. andevalensis, Cistus salvifolius, Calluna vulgaris; 31.25 - Ericacinerea.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H1 Calluna vulgaris-Festuca ovina heath", "H2 Calluna vulgaris-Ulex minor heath", "H3 Ulex minor-Agrostis curtisii heath", "H4 Ulex gallii-Agrostiscurtisii heath", "H7 Calluna vulgaris-Scilla verna heath", "H8 Calluna vulgaris-Ulex galliiheath", "H9 Calluna vulgaris-Deschampsia flexuosa heath", "H10 Calluna vulgaris-Ericacinerea heath", "H12 Calluna vulgaris-Vaccinium myrtillus heaths", "H16 Callunavulgaris-Arctostaphylos uva-ursi heath", " H18 Vaccinium myrtillus- Deschampsiaflexuosa heath" and "H21 Calluna vulgaris- Vaccinium myrtillus-Sphagnum capillifoliumheath".Nordic classification : "5111 Rhacomitrium lanuginosum-Empetrum hermaphroditum-typ", "5113Calluna vulgaris-Empetrum nigrum-Vaccinium vitis-idea-typ", "5115 Calluna vulgaristyp","5116 Vaccinium myrtillus- Calluna vulgaris-typ", "5117 Calluna vulgaris-Hieracium pilosella-typ", "5131 Deschampsia flexuosa-Galium saxatile-typ", "5132Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile-typ".4040 * Dry Atlantic coastal heaths with Erica vagansPAL.CLASS.: 31.2341) Coastal heaths of temperate areas with Erica vagans and Ulex europaeus on well-drained soil, otherthan prostrate maritime formations.2) Plants: Erica vagans, Ulex europaeus.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H6 Erica vagans-Ulex europaeus heath". The presence of Ulexeuropaeus is not obligatory.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 49

4050 * Endemic macaronesian heathsPAL.CLASS.: 31.31) Ericaceous formations (low and medium-tall stages). Andryalo-Ericetalia: Fayo-Ericion arboreae,Telino-Adenocarpion foliolosae (Canaries); Calluno-Ulicetalia: Daboecion azoricae, Ericetumazoricae, Daphno-Ericetum azoricae (Azores).2) Plants: Adenocarpus foliolosus, Calluna vulgaris, Chamaecytisus proliferus ssp. proliferus, #Cistuschinamadensis, Cletura arborea, Daboecia azorica, Erica arborea, E. maderensis, E. platycodon, #E.scoparia ssp. azorica, Ilex canariensis, Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus azorica, Luzula purpureosplendens,Lysimachia azorica, Myrica faya, Pteridium aquilinum, Teline canarienis, T. splendens, T.stenopetala, Thymus caespititius, Vaccinium cilindraceum.4) Macaronesian Laurel forests (45.6) and Canarian heath forests (49.9) are tall forest-like formationsassociated with this habitat type.5) Rivas-Martínez, S., Wildpret, W., Arco, M., Rodríguez, O., Pérez de Paz, P.L., García Gallo,A., Acebes, J.R., Díaz, T.E. & Fernández-González, F. (1993). Las comunidades vegetales de laisla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias). Itinera Geobot. 7: 169 - 374.4060 Alpine and Boreal heathsPAL.CLASS.: 31.41) Small, dwarf or prostrate shrub formations of the alpine and sub-alpine zones of the mountains ofEurasia dominated by ericaceous species, Dryas octopetala, dwarf junipers, brooms or greenweeds;Dryas heaths of the British Isles and Scandinavia.Sub-types :31.41 - Alpide dwarf ericoid wind heaths. Loiseleurio-Vaccinion.Very low, single-stratum, carpets of trailing azalea, Loiseleuria procumbens, prostate Vacciniumspp. or other prostate ericoid shrublets, accompanied by lichen, of high windswept, mostlysnowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system.31.42 - Acidocline alpenrose heaths. Rhododendro-Vaccinion.Rhododendron spp.-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Dinarids,the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and the Himalayan system,often with Vaccinium spp., sometimes with dwarf pines.31.43 - Mountain dwarf juniper scrub. Juniperion nanae, Pino-Juniperion sabinae p., Pino-Cytision purgantis p.Usually dense formations of prostrate junipers of the higher levels of southern Palaearcticmountains.31.44 - High mountain Empetrum-Vaccinium heaths. Empetro-Vaccinietum uliginosi.Dwarf heaths dominated by Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium uliginosum, withArctostaphylos alpina, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea and lycopodes (Huperziaselago, Diphasiastrum alpinum), mosses (Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Hylocomium splendens,Pleurozium schreberi, Rhythidiadelphus triquetrus) and lichens (Cetraria islandica, Cladoniaarbuscula, Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia stellaris, Cladonia gracilis, Peltigera aphthosa) ofthe sub-alpine belt of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Central Massif, the Jura, theNorthern Apennines, characteristic of relatively windswept, snow-free stations, in frostexposuresituations that are, however, less extreme than those prevailing where communities of31.41 dominate. Unlike the formations of 31.41, those of 31.44 are clearly two-layered.31.45 - Boreo-alpine heathsAlpine heaths of the highlands and islands of Scotland, alpine and lowland boreal heaths ofIceland, alpine heaths of boreal mountains, in particular of the mountains of Scandinavia, of theUrals, of the mountains of Siberia, alpine heaths of Far Eastern mountains at, or just south of,Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 50

the limits of the boreal zone, with Juniperus nana, Loiseleuria procumbens, Empetrumhermaphroditum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpina and elements of Alpine flora.31.46 - Bruckenthalia heaths: only outside the European Union.31.47 - Alpide bearberry heaths. Mugo-Rhodoretum hirsuti p., Juniperion nanae p., i.a.Mats of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi or Arctostaphylos alpina of the alpine, sub-alpine and locally,montane, belts of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the northern and central Apennines, the Dinarids, theCarpathians, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides (south to the Slavianka-Orvilos, the Menikion,the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi), the Moeso-Macedonian mountains (includingAthos), the Pelagonides (south to the Greek Macedonian border ranges Tzena, Pinovon andKajmakchalan) and Olympus, in the Thessalian mountains, mostly on calcareous substrates.31.48 - Hairy alpenrose-erica heaths. Mugo-Rhodoretum hirsuti p.Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats of calcareoussoils in the Alps and the Dinarides, with Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhododendron intermedium,Rhodothamnus chamaecistus and Erica herbacea, often accompanied by Clematis alpina,Daphne striata, Daphne mezereum, Globularia cordifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.Rhododendron hirsutum and, mostly in the Austrian Alps, Erica herbacea are the most frequentdominants; other shrubs can locally play that role. Arctostaphylos spp.-dominated facies have,however, been included in 31.47.31.49 - Mountain avens matsDwarf heaths formed by mats of the woody Dryas octopetala in high Palaearctic mountains, inboreal regions and in isolated Atlantic coastal outposts.31.4A - High mountain dwarf bilberry heathsVaccinium-dominated dwarf heaths of the sub-alpine belt of southern mountains, in particular,of the northern and central Apennines, the Balkan Range, the Helenides, the Pontic Range andthe Caucasus, with Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum s.l., Vaccinium vitis-idaea and,locally, Empetrum nigrum. They are richer in grassland species than the communities of 31.44and often take the appearance of alpine grassland with dwarf shrubs. Vaccinium myrtillus alsoplays a much more dominant role, in lieu of Vaccinium uliginosum and Empetrumhermaphroditum.31.4B - High mountain greenweed heathsLow Genista spp. or Chamaecytisus spp. heaths of the sub-alpine, low alpine or montane beltsof high southern nemoral mountains, in particular of the southern Alps, the Apennines, theDinarides, the southern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, thePelagonides, the northern Pindus, the Rhodopides, the Thessalian mountains.2) Plants: 31.41 - Loiseleuria procumbens, Vaccinium spp.; 31.42 - Rhododendron ferrugineum; 31.44- Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium uliginosum; 31.45 - Juniperus nana, Loiseleuriaprocumbens, Empetrum hermaphroditum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos alpina; inFennoscandia also Betula nana, Cassiope tetragona, Cornus suecica, Juniperus communis,Phyllodoce caerulea, Vaccinium myrtillus and Cladonia alpestris; 31.47 - Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,Arctostaphylos alpina; 31.48 - Rhododendron hirsutum, Rhododendron intermedium,Rhodothamnus chamaecistus and Erica herbacea; 31.49 - Dryas octopetala; 31.4A - Vacciniummyrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum s.l., Vaccinium vitis-idaea; 31.4B - Genista radiata, G.holopetala, G. hassertiana, Chamaecytisus eriocarpus, C. absinthioides.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "H13 Calluna vulgaris-Cladonia arbuscula heath", "H14 Callunavulgaris-Racomitrium lanuginosum heath", "H15 Calluna vulgaris-Juniperus communisssp. nana heath", "H17 Calluna vulgaris Arctostaphylos alpinus heath", "H19 Vacciniummyrtillus-Cladonia arbuscula heath", "H20 Vaccinium myrtillus-Racomitrium lanuginosumheath" and "H22 Vaccinium myrtillus-Rubus chamaemorus heath".Nordic classification: "11 Snöfria vindhedar", "121 Hedvegetation på fattigt underlag", "122Hedvegetation på rikt/kalkrikt underlag", "1311 Cassiope hypnoides-Salix herbacea typ","1321 Salix polaris typ".5) Haapasaari, M. (1988). The oligotrophic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia and itszonation. Acta Bot. Fennica 135:1-219.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 51

Oksanen, L. & Virtanen, R. (1995). Topographic, altitudinal and regional patterns in continentaland suboceanic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia. Acta Bot. Fennica 153:1-80.4070 * Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum(Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti)PAL.CLASS.: 31.51) Pinus mugo formations usually with Rhododendron spp of the dry eastern inner Alps, the northernand southeastern outer Alps, the southwestern Alps and the Swiss Jura, the eastern greater Hercynianranges, the Carpathians, the Apennines, the Dinarides and the neighbouring Pelagonides, the Pirin, theRila and the Balkan Range;2) Plants: Pinus mugo, Rhododendron hirsutum, R. ferrugineum, R. myrtifolium (syn. R. kotschy),Rhodothamnus chamaecistus, Calamagrostis villosa, Homogyne alpina3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "6905 Alpenrosengebüsch", "6904 Latschengebüsch".5) Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)4080 Sub-Arctic Salix spp. scrubPAL.CLASS.: 31.6211, 31.6214, 31.6215, 31.6221) Subarctic and boreo-alpine willow formations of the Scottish Highlands, the mountains of Iceland andthe mountains of Scandinavia (often along streams) and similar communities in the Alps, Pyrenees,Cantabrian Mountains, Carpathians, and associated massifs.Subtypes :31.6211 - Alpigenous small willow brushSubalpine, alpine and occasionally montane brushes and low scrubs of the Alps, the Apennines,the Jura and the western great Hercynian ranges, dominated by small shrubby (generally 0.5-2metre tall) Salix species.31.6214 - Pyreneo-Cantabric willow brushSubalpine, alpine and occasionally montane Salix dominated brushes and low scrubs of thePyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica.31.6215 - Hercynio-Carpathian willow brushSubalpine, alpine and occasionally montane Salix dominated brushes and low scrubs of theCarpathians and the eastern Hercynian ranges of the Sudeten (Salicetum lapponum, Salicisilesiacae-Betuletum carpaticae [p.], Piceo-Salicetum silesiacae [i.a.]).31.622 - Boreo-Alpine willow brushSubarctic willow formations of the Highlands of Scotland, of the mountains of Iceland and ofthe boreal mountains of Scandinavia.2) Plants: Salix lapponum, S. lanata, S. arbuscula, S. myrsinites, S. glauca, S. helvetica, S. bicolor.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W20 Salix lapponum-Luzula sylvatica scrub".Nordic classification: "127 Videvegetation".Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 52

4090 Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorsePAL.CLASS.: 31.71) Primary cushion heaths of the high, dry mountains of the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanianregions, with low, cushion-forming, often spiny shrubs, such as Acantholimon, Astragalus,Erinacea, Vella, Bupleurum, Ptilotrichum, Genista, Echinospartum, Anthyllis and variouscomposites and labiates; secondary, zoogenic cushion heaths of the same regions, either downslopeextensions of the high-altitude formations, and dominated by the same species, or specificallymontane or steppic, often Genista-dominated in the Mediterranean region. Excluded are cushionheathsof thermo-Mediterranean lowlands (33) and of deserts and semideserts (7).Sub-types :31.71 - Pyrenean hedgehog-heaths. Junipero-Genistetum horridae.Echinospartum horridum formations of dry slopes of the supra-Mediterranean zone of thesouthern Pyrenees; accompanying the dense, spiny cushions are Juniperus hemisphaerica,Buxus sempervirens, Ononis fruticosa, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassifolia and Pinussylvestris.31.72 - Cordilleran hedgehog-heaths. Cytiso oromediterranei-Echinospartetum barnadesii,Echinosparto pulviniformis-Cytisetum oromediterranei, Teucrii salviastri-Echinospartetumpulviniformis, Genisto hystricis-Echinospartetum lusitaniciFormations of the Cordillera Central and adjacent areas dominated by diverse forms ofEchinospartum.31.73 - Nevadan hedgehog-heaths. Erinacetalia p., Lavandulo-Genistion boissieri p.Highly developed hedgehog formations of the Sierra Nevada with Erinacea anthyllis, Vellaspinosa, Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis, A. granatensis ssp. granatensis (A. boissieri),Ptilotrichum spinosum, Bupleurum spinosum, Genista baetica. Associated dwarf suffrutescentformations of high slopes and crests.31.74 - Franco-Iberian hedgehog-heathsOro-Mediterranean and montane hedgehog-heaths of other Iberian ranges and of southern France.31.75 - Cyrno-Sardian hedgehog-heaths. Carici-Genistetalia (Carlinetalia macrocephalae)Expanses of small, compact bushes with Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus, Rosa seraphini,Anthyllis hermanniae, Thymus herba-barona, Cerastium boissieri, Genista salzmannii, G.corsica, Berberis aetnensis, Prunus prostrata and Daphne oleoides, of Sardinian and Corsicanmountains.31.76 - Mount Etna hedgehog-heaths. Astragaletum siculiLava-colonising formations with cushions of Astragalus granatensis ssp. siculus, Berberisaetnensis, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Genista aetnensis, Adenocarpus bivonae, Viola aethnensis.31.77 - Madonie and Apennine hedgehog-heathsHedgehog-heaths formed by Astragalus spp. or Genista spp., of the mountains of the southernItalian peninsula and Sicily, except Etna.31.78 - Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic Astragalus hedgehog-heathsHedgehog-heaths occupying situations peripheral to the main range of the alti- and oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heath communities of high Hellenic mountains (31.79 and 31.7A),mostly dominated by Astragalus angustifolius, characteristic, in particular, of zoogenousclearings within the forest belt of southern Greek mountains and of regions of irradiation ofMediterranean communities within the hills and mountains of the Moesian zone.31.79 - Hellenic oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths. Daphno-Festucetea: Eryngio-Bromion p.Hedgehog-heaths developed on relatively humus-rich rendziniform soils at or above treeline, inthe 1700-2200 m altitudinal range of high Greek mountains; hedgehog-heath facies ofassociated grasslands; similar, impoverished formations descending into the forest belts of thesame mountains, with the exception of those of the Peloponnese, where they are replaced bydistinctive formations, listed under 31.78.31.7A - Hellenic alti-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths. Daphno-Festucetea: Astragalo-SeslerionInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 53

Shrubby formations of the high mountains of the Peloponnese, of the southern mainland Greekmountains and of the Thessalian Olympus system, colonising the altitudinal range immediatelyabove that occupied by the communities of 31.79, as well as stony slopes with shallow soil,loose screes and humus-deficient soils within the main 1700-2200 m range of thesecommunities. Included are true spiny hedgehog-heaths, cushiony formations of dwarfsuffrutescents and bush-dominated facies of stripped grasslands. Astragalus angustifolius,Acantholimon androsaceum, Astragalus lacteus, Convolvulus cochlearis, Rindera graeca, Asteralpinus, Globularia stygia, Minuartia stellata, Erysimum pusillum, Thymus teucrioides,Alyssum kionae, Paronychia kapela, Thymus hirsutus, Anthyllis aurea, Achillea ageratifolia,Sideritis scardica, Linum flavum, Thymus boissieri, Sesleria caerulans are characteristic.31.7B - Cretan hedgehog-heaths. Saturejetea spinosaeHedgehog-heaths of high mountains of Crete, in the 1500-2500 m altitudinal range, withAstragalus creticus ssp. creticus, A. angustifolius, Acantholimon androsaceum, Atraphaxisbillardieri, Berberis cretica, Chamaecytisus creticus, Daphne oleoides, Prunus prostrata,Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Verbascum spinosum, Sideritis syriaca, Satureja spinosa, Asperulaidaea, Rhamnus prunifolius, Pimpinella tragium, Acinos alpinus.31.7C - Aegean summital hedgehog-heathsIsolated, endemic-rich, mostly summital hedgehog-heaths of calcareous mountains of Aegeanislands and Mount Athos.31.7D - Southern Hellenic Genista acanthoclada hedgehog-heathsFormations dominated by hemispherical shrubs of Genista acanthoclada of the middle levels(about 800 - 1200 m) of mountains and plateaux of the Peloponnese.31.7E - Astragalus sempervirens hedgehog-heathsAstragalus sempervirens ssp. sempervirens, ssp. muticus, ssp. cephalonicus formations of thesouthern Alps, the eastern Pyrenees, Iberia, the Apennines and Greece, transitional between thealpine and sub-alpine heaths of 31.4 and the true Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths of 31.7.31.7F - Canarian cushion-heaths. Spartocytision nubigeniOpen formations dominated by broom-like plants of the montane zone (above 1900 m) of theCanary Islands, with many endemic species.2) Plants: 31.71 - Echinospartum horridum; 31.72 - Echinospartum lusitanicum ssp. barnadesii, E.ibericum ssp. pulviniformis; 31.73 - Erinacea anthyllis, Vella spinosa, Astragalus sempervirens ssp.nevadensis, A. granatensis ssp. granatensis (A. boissieri), Ptilotrichum spinosum, Bupleurumspinosum, Genista baetica; 31.74 - Erinacea anthyllis, Vella spinosa, Andryala agardhii,Convolvulus boissieri, Hippocrepis squamata ssp. eriocarpa, Pterocephalus spathulatus, Thymusgranatensis; 31.75 - Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus, Rosa seraphini, Anthyllis hermanniae,Thymus herba-barona, Cerastium boissieri, Genista salzmannii, G. corsica, Berberis aetnensis,Prunus prostrata, Daphne oleoides; 31.76 - Astragalus granatensis ssp. siculus, Berberisaetnensis, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Genista aetnensis, Adenocarpus bivonae, Viola aethnensis;31.77 - Astragalus granatensis ssp. nebrodensis, A. parnassi ssp. calabrus, A. sirinicus ssp.sirinicus, Genista cupanii, G. sylvestris ssp. dalmatica; 31.78 - Astragalus angustifolius; 31.79 -Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus, A. parnassi, A. angustifolius; 31.7A - Astragalus angustifolius,Minuartia stellata; 31.7B - Astragalus creticus ssp. creticus, A. angustifolius, Chamaecytisuscreticus; 31.7C - Astragalus creticus var. samius, A. pilodes, A. trojanus var. chius, A. parnassi, A.p. var. samothracius, A. monachorum; 31.7D - Genista acanthoclada; 31.7E - Astragalussempervirens ssp. sempervirens, A. s. ssp. muticus, A. s. ssp. cephalonicus; 31.7F - Spartocytisussupranubius, Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides.40A0PAL.CLASS.: 31.8B12p, 31.8B13, 31.8B14, 31.8B3p* Subcontinental peri-Pannonic scrub1) Low deciduous scrub with continental and sub mediterranean affinities of the Pannonic basin andneighbouring regions including the eastern Alpine periphery, the southern periphery of the NorthwesternCarpathians, the Transylvanian plateau and the adjacent foothills and valleys of the EasternInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 54

and Southern Carpathians and the Apuseni mountains, the southern periphery of the Pannonic basin,the Moravian plateau and to the hills and valleys of the northern Balkan peninsula. Occurs on bothcalcareous and siliceous substrates forming mosaic-like vegetation with steppe grassland (6210) andforest-steppe elements or plants of the rupicolous Pannonic grasslands (6190) often along the fringesof woodlands.Includes the following syntaxa:Prunetum fruticosae Dziubaltovski 1926 (syn.: Crataego-Prunetum fruticosae de Sóo 1951)Prunetum tenellae Soó 1947 (syn.: Amygdaletum nanae Soó 1951).Coronillo-Prunetum mahaleb Gallandat 1972 (syn. Cerasetum mahaleb Oberdorfer and Th. Müller1979)Waldsteino-Spiraetum mediae Zólyomi 1936Helleboro odori-Spiraetum mediae Borhidi et Morschhauser 1999Syringo-Carpinion orientalis Jakucs 1959Euonymo – Prunetum spinosae (Hueck 1931) Tx. 1952 em. Pass. et Hoffim. 1968Calamagrosteto – Spireetum ulmifoliae Resmeriţă, Csürös 1966Spireetum crenatae Morariu et Ularu 1981Syringo – Genistetum radiatae Maloş 1972Asplenio – Syringetum vulgaris Jakucs et Vida 1959Cariceto ( humilis – Sorbetum dacicae) Gergely 1962Corno – Fraxinetum orni Pop et Hodişan 1964Alno incanae-Syringetum josikaeae (Borza 1965) Raţiu et al. 19842) Plants:Amygdalus nana (syn Prunus tenella), Cerasus fruticosa, C. mahaleb, Spiraea media, Rosaspinosissima, R. gallica, R. pimpinellifolia, Amelanchier ovalis, Cornus mas, Crataegus monogyna,Acer tataricum, Cotoneaster integerrimus, C. tomentosus, C. matrensis, C. niger, Alliumsphaerocephalon, Anemone sylvestris, Asparagus officinalis, Buglossoides purpurcaerulea,Geranium sanguineum, Peucedaunum carvifolia, Teucrium chamaedrys, Aster linosyris, Inulaensifolia, Inula hirta, Melica picta, Nepeta pannonica, Peucedanum cervaria, Phlomis tuberosa,Jurinea mollis, Vinca herbacea, Verbascum austriacum, Salvia austriaca, Stipa dasyphylla,Aconitum anthora, Chrysanthemum corymbosum, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Waldsteinia geoides,Syringa vulgaris, Euonymus verrucosus, Viburnum lantana, Spiraea chamaedryfolia, S. crenata,Fraxinus ornus, Paliurus spina-christi, Jasminum fruticans, Syringa josikaea, Genista radiata,Sorbus dacica, Sorbus aria, Sorbus cretica, Paeonia peregrina, Teucrium polium, Asplenium rutamuraria,Ceterach officinarum.3) Corresponding categoriesHungarian classification: continental deciduous steppe thickets (identification code: M6),continental deciduous rock thickets (identification code: M7), white-oak shrub woodlands(identification code: M1)5) Borhidi, A. & Sánta, A. (eds.) (1999). Vörös Könyv Magyarország növénytársulásairól. 1-2. (RedBook of Hungarian Plant Communities.Vols. 1-2). TermészetBÚVÁR Kiadó, Budapest, pp. 768 (inHungarian)Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Raţiu O. & Gergely I. (1979). Caracterizarea sinecologicã a principalelor fitocenoze lemnoase din“Tara Oaşului” (jud. Satu Mare). Contrib. Bot., Cluj-Napoca, 85–118.Zólyomi, B. (ed.) (1967). Guide der Exkursionen des Internationalen Geobotanischen Symposium.Ungarn. Eger-Vácrátót, 95p.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 55

40B0PAL.CLASS.: 31.636Rhodope Potentilla fruticosa thickets1) Closed formations dominated by Potentilla fruticosa at the 1550 metre level in the Picea abies andPinus sylvestris belt of the west Rhodope mountains.2) Plants: Potentilla fruticosa, Bellardiochloa violaceae, Galium boreale, G. verum, Geum rhodopeum,Nardus stricta, Veronica rhodopaea, Viola rhodopeia, Bryophytes: Abietinella abietina5) Meshinev, T. (1975). Ecological and biological features of Potentilla fruticosa L. in Bulgaria. PhDthesis. ( in Bulgarian).40C0PAL.CLASS.: 31.8B7*Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets1) Deciduous thickets of the wooded steppe zone of the Pontic and Sarmatic regions and of adjacent areaswithin and around the zone of occurrence of easternmost white cinquefoil oak woods (41.7A14), oftartar maple steppe oak woods (41.7A22) and of sub-Euxinian steppe woods (41.7A3) which form partof 91I0* Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.. The habitat includes several plantcommunities with species endemic to Dobrogea, such as the associations Asphodelino luteae-Paliuretum and Rhamno catharticae-Jasminietum fruticantis.2) Plants: Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Caragana frutex, Spiraea crenifolia (Spiraeacrenata), Prunus tenella (Amygdalus nana), Jasminum fruticans, Paliurus spina-christi, Rhamnuscatarhica, Asparagus verticillatus, Asphodeline lutea, Bromus inermis, Dianthus nardiformis,Kochia prostrata, Medicago minima, Genista sessilifolia, Moehringia grisebachii, #Moehringiajankae, Orlaya grandiflora, Ornithogalum amphibolum, Paeonia tenuifolia, Salvia ringens,Thymus zygioides, Veronica jacquini.5) Sanda, V., Arcus, M. (1999). Sintaxonomia gruparilor vegetale din Dobrogea şi Delta Dunarii,Ed. Cultura, Pitesti.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 56

SCLEROPHYLLOUS SCRUB (MATORRAL)Sub-Mediterranean and temperate scrub5110 Stable xerothermophilous formations with Buxussempervirens on rock slopes (Berberidion p.p.)PAL.CLASS.: 31.821) Stable xerothermophilous and calcicolous scrubs dominated by Buxus sempervirens, of hill andmontane levels. These formations correspond to xerothermophilous Buxus thickets with their fringeassociations of the Geranion sanguinei alliance on calcareous or siliceous substratum. They alsoconstitute the natural woodland edge of calcareous dry forests rich with Buxus.In the euro-siberian region, the more open formations are rich in submediterranean plant species.Syntaxa: Berberidion p.p., Amelanchiero-Buxion2) Plants: Buxus sempervirens, Prunus spinosa, Prunus mahaleb, Cornus mas, Crataegus spp., Berberisvulgaris, Ligustrum vulgare, Viburnum lantana, Amelanchier ovalis, Geranium sanguineum,Dictamnus albus.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "410103 Gebüsch trocken-warmer Standorte (Berberitzen-, Felsenmispel-,Felsenbirnen-, Sanddorngebüsch etc) (mit Buxus sempervirens, P036b).4) Succession phase of calcareous grasslands toward mixed deciduous forests, for example with Quercuspubescens or continental pine forests with Pinus sylvestris (the word "stable" concerns thoseformations which are practically at climax stage, but on very superficial soils where natural successiontowards forest can not take place).These communities are associated with calcareous grasslands, mixed oak or Quercus pubescens groves,beech groves rich in orchid species or with Pinus nigra and Pinus leucodermis (e.g. in Greece).5120 Mountain Cytisus purgans formationsPAL.CLASS.: 31.8421) Cytisus purgans-dominated formations of higher levels (upper montane, subalpine, oro-Mediterranean) of south-western European mountains, on superficial soils, often associated withdwarf juniper scrubs (31.43) or hedgehog-heaths (31.7), and physiognomically reminiscent of thelatter. Pino-Cytision purgantis p., Genistion polygaliphyllae p.2) Plants: Cytisus (Genista) purgans.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 57

5130 Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareousgrasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 31.881) Formations with Juniperus communis of plain to montane levels. They mainly correspond tophytodynamic succession of the following types of vegetation:a) generally, mesophilous or xerophilous calcareous and nutrient poor grasslands, grazed or let liefallow, of the Festuco-Brometea and Elyno-Sesleretea.b) more rarely, heathlands of the Calluno vulgaris-Ulicetea minoris (31.2).2) Plants: Juniperus communis, Crataegus spp., Rosa spp., Prunus spinosa.For a) typical species of the Festuco-Brometea and Elyno-Sesleretea.For b) Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum, Erica tetralix, Deschampsia flexuosa,Nardus stricta.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "W19 - Juniperus communis ssp. communis-Oxalis acetosellawoodland" and juniper rich facies of "W21 - Crataegus monogyna-Hedera helix scrub".German classification: "340201 submediterrane Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden (mitWacholdergebüschen, P036a)", "340203 subkontinentale Halbtrockenrasen aufkarbonatischem Boden (mit Wacholdergebüschen, P036a)", "4003 Heiden auf sandigen Böden(Calluna-Heiden) (mit Wacholdergebüschen, P036a)".Nordic classification: "5115e Juniperus communis-Calluna vulagaris variant".5) Rejmanek, M. & Rosen, E. (1988). The effects of colonizing shrubs (Juniperus communis andPotentilla fruticosa) on species richness in the grasslands of Stora Alvaret, Öland (Sweden). ActaPhytogeogr. Suec. 76:67-72.5140 * Cistus palhinhae formations on maritime wet heathsPAL.CLASS.: 32.2B1) Low scrub and garrigue formations of the dolomitic tableland, karsts, sands and terra-rosas, rich inendemics (Ulicetum erinacei, Genisto triacanthi-Cistetum palhinhae).2) Plants: #Biscutela vicentina, #Cistus palhinhae, Genista hirsuta ssp. algarbiensis, G. triacanthus,Juniperus turbinata, Serratula monardii var. algarbiensis, Sideritis arborescens ssp. lusitanica,Teucrium vincentinum, Ulex erinaceus.5) Rivas-Martínez, S., Lousã, M., Díaz, T.E., Fernandéz-González, F. & Costa, J.C. (1990). Lavegetación del sur de Portugal (Sado, Alentejo y Algarve). Itinera Geobot. 3: 5 - 126.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 58

Mediterranean arborescent matorral5210 Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp.PAL.CLASS.: 32.131 to 32.1361) Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous scrub organized aroundarborescent junipers. Mixed dominance can be indicated by combination of codes.Sub-types32.131 - Juniperus oxycedrus arborescent matorralArborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus oxycedrus s.l.32.132 - Juniperus phoenicea arborescent matorralArborescent matorral dominated by Juniperus phoenicea s.l..32.133 - Juniperus excelsa and J. foetidissima arborescent matorralsArborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by Juniperus excelsaor J. foetidissima.32.134 - Juniperus communis arborescent matorralMediterranean formations dominated by Juniperus communis.32.135 - Juniperus drupacea arborescent matorralFormations derived from 42.A5 16 , limited to the Peloponnese and Asia Minor.32.136 - Juniperus thurifera arborescent matorralFormations derived from 42.A2 17 .2) Plants: Juniperus oxycedrus, J. phoenicea, J. foetidissima, J. excelsa, J. communis, J. drupacea, J.thurifera.5220 * Arborescent matorral with ZyziphusPAL.CLASS.: 32.171) Pre-desert deciduous scrub of Periploca laevigata, Lycium intricatum, Asparagus stipularis, A. albus,Withania frutescens with tall Zyziphus lotus, confined to the arid Iberian South-west under axerophytic thermo-Mediterranean bio-climate; corresponds to the mature phase or climax ofclimatophile and edapho-xero-psammophile vegetation series (Periplocion angustifoliae: Ziziphetumloti, Zizipho-Maytenetum europaei, Mayteno-Periplocetum).2) Plants: Asparagus albus, Calicotome intermedia, Chamaerops humilis, Maytenus senegalensis ssp.europaeus, Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia, Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis, Rhamnusoleoides ssp. angustifolia, Withania frutescens, Zyziphus lotus.5) Alcaraz, F., Díaz, T.E., Rivas-Martínez, S. & Sánchez Gómez, P. (1989). Datos sobre lavegetación del sureste de España: provincia biogeográfica Murciano-Almeriense. Itinera Geobot. 2: 1- 133.161742.A5 - Syrian juniper woods : Juniperus drupacea woods of the northern slopes of Mount Parnon and of the Karlikmountain in Thrace, Greece. Part of the formation takes the appearance of an arborescent matorral, listed under 32.135.42.A2 - Spanish juniper woods (Juniperion thuriferae) : Forest formations dominated by Juniperus thuriferae of Spain,southern France and Corsica and North Africa. Many communities may be better described as arborescent matorrals,and listed under 32.136; geographical divisions can nevertheless be retained by appending the suffixes of 42.A2 to32.136.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 59

Peinado, M., Acaraz, F. & Martínez Parras, J.M. (1992). Vegetation of South-eastern Spain. Floraet Vegetatio Mundi. 10: 1 - 487.5230 * Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilisPAL.CLASS.: 32.181) Humid arborescent matorral with tall laurel (Laurus nobilis).2) Plants: Arbutus unedo, Ceratonia siliqua, Fraxinus ornus, Laurus nobilis, Olea europaea var.sylvestris, Phillyrea latifolia, Quercus ilex, Rubia peregrina ssp. longifolia, Smilax aspera var.altissima, Viburnum tinus.3) Corresponding categoriesThe syntaxa of the Spanish types are: Quercetea ilicis, Querco-Oleion sylvestris: Viburnotini-Fraxinetum orni lauretosum nobilis (southern mountains of Valencia); Quercion ilicis:Lauro-Quercetum ilicis facies of Laurus nobilis (from Asturias to the Basque Country).Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush5310 Laurus nobilis thicketsPAL.CLASS.: 32.2161) Lower facies of Laurus nobilis thickets described under 5230 code in the Annex I, generally of humidor cool stations.2) Plants: Laurus nobilis.5320 Low formations of Euphorbia close to cliffsPAL.CLASS.: 32.2171) Low formations of Helichrysum (H. italicum ssp. microphyllum, H. italicum ssp. italicum) withspurges (Euphorbia pithyusa, i.a.), Pistacia lentiscus, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Artemisiadensiflora or Thymelaea passerina, T. hirsuta, T. tartonraira in the immediate vicinity of sea cliffs,forming the transition between cliff vegetation or clifftop phryganas and thermo-Mediterraneanscrub.2) Plants: Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum, H. italicum ssp. italicum, Euphorbia pithyusa,Pistacia lentiscus, Camphorosma monspeliaca, Artemisia densiflora, Thymelaea passerina, T.hirsuta, T. tartonraira.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 60

5330 Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-desert scrubPAL.CLASS.: 32.21G1, 32.22 to 32.26, 32.441p1) Scrub formations characteristic of the thermo-Mediterranean zone. Included here are thoseformations, for the most part indifferent to the siliceous or calcareous nature of the substrate, thatreach their greatest extension or optimal development in the thermo-Mediterranean zone. Alsoincluded are the numerous, strongly characterised, thermophile formations endemic to the south ofthe Iberian peninsula, mostly thermo-Mediterranean but sometimes meso-Mediterranean; in theirgreat local diversity they are a western counterpart of, and sometimes approach in appearance, themostly eastern Mediterranean phryganas, which, however, on account of their strong structuralsingularity, are listed separately under 33.Sub-types :32.21G - Genista fasselata brushBrushes dominated by the tall, spiny Genista fasselata of very restricted distribution in theeastern Mediterranean basin.31.8B5p - Xerophilous Crataegus azarolus var. aronia scrub.Low to medium height scrub of the semi-arid zone of Cyprus characterised by Crataegusazarolus var. aronia with an abundance of herbs and grasses and belonging to the Genisto-Ceratonietum. It develops at low to medium altitudes (300-500 m) on calcareous substrates.32.22 - Tree-spurge formationsStands of Euphorbia dendroides, remarkable tertiary relict of Macaronesian origin; they occuras a facies of the thermo-Mediterranean brushes of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, IslesEolie, Egadi, Pelagi, Pantelleria, Crete, and, very locally, of those of the coasts of northernCatalonia, south-eastern France, peninsular Italy and its islands, central Greece, notably onslopes facing the gulf of Corinth, the Peloponnese, the Aegean archipelagos, and enclaves of theMediterranean periphery of Anatolia and the Levant. Particularly extensive and robust standsoccur in Sicily, Sardinia and Crete where they may extend to relatively high altitudes. Verylocal formations in Mediterranean North Africa occupy the steep rocky slopes of some coastalcapes and isolated inland sites (Ichkeul).32.23 - Diss-dominated garriguesGarrigues invaded and dominated by the high tussocks of Ampelodesmos mauritanica; typicallythermo-Mediterranean, they also occur extensively in the meso-Mediterranean zone. They aremost prevalent on the Tyrrhenian coast of central and southern Italy, in Sicily, in theMediterranean zone and the less arid parts of the Saharo-Mediterranean transition zone of NorthAfrica.32.24 - Palmetto brushChamaerops humilis-dominated formations; other thermo-Mediterranean brushes or garriguesrich in the physiognomically important palmetto can be identified by a combination of this codeand that of the other appropriate subdivision of 32.2. Palmetto brushes are best represented inthe coastal areas of south-western, southern and eastern Iberia, the Balearics, Sicily and itssatellite islands and Mediterranean North Africa, with more sporadic occurrences in theGuadalquivir basin, Sardinia, and the Tyrrhenian coasts and islands of peninsular Italy.32.25 - Mediterranean pre-desert scrub. Periplocion angustifoliae, Anthyllidetalia terniflorae.Shrub formations constituting, with the halo-nitrophilous scrubs (15.724) and the localisedgypsum scrubs (15.93), much of the natural and semi-natural vegetation of the arid zone ofsouth-eastern Spain (Almeria, Murcia, Alicante), a highly distinctive region of uniqueclimatological, biological and landscape character within Europe, extremely rich in African andendemic species. Several of the most remarkable formations remain in only a few undisturbedlocalities and are gravely at risk 18 . Similar formations occur in the upper arid (Mediterraneanarid) zone of North Africa. Outposts of these communities also exist in Sicily, the Egadiislands, the Pelagie islands, Malta and Pantelleria32.26 - Thermo-Mediterranean broom fields (retamares)18Communities dominated by hummocks of very tall stands of Lotus tree Zyziphius lotus, are included in the AnnexI priority habitat 'Matorral with Zyziphius' (32.17).Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 61

West Mediterranean formations dominated by retamas (Lygos spp.) or by large, non-spinythermo-Mediterranean brooms of genera Cytisus and Genista, limited to the Iberian peninsula,the Balearics, Mediterranean North Africa, Sicily and its associated islands, the Cilento coast ofCampania.32.441p - Spiny spurge garriguesEuphorbia melitensis garrigues of Malta2) Plants: 31.21G - G. fasselata; 31.8B5p - Crataegus azarolus var. aronia; 32.22 - Euphorbiadendroides; 32.23 - Ampelodesmos mauritanica; 32.24 - Chamaerops humilis; 32.25 - Ziziphuslotus, Maytenus senegalensis var. europaeus, Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia, Salsola webbii,Sideretis foetens, Ulex argentatus ssp. erinaceus, Genista umbellata; 32.26 - Lygos sphaerocarpa,L. monosperma, L. raetam ssp. gussonei, Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa, G. valentina, G.spartioides ssp. retamoides, G. s. ssp. pseudoretamoides, G. haenseleri, G. ramosissima, G.ephedroides, G. dorycnifolia, Cytisus aeolicus. 32.441 – Euphorbia melitensis.Phrygana 195410 West Mediterranean clifftop phryganas (Astragalo-Plantaginetum subulatae)PAL.CLASS.: 33.11) Rare, extremely local and isolated, cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean sclerophyllousassociations of clifftops and adjacent areas dispersed along the coasts, characterised by thepresence of Astragalus massiliensis or Anthyllis hermanniae, variously accompanied by Thymelaeahirsuta, Helichrysum italicum, Plantago subulatum, Armeria ruscinonensis.2) Plants: Anthyllis hermanniae, Thymelaea hirsuta, Helichrysum italicum, Plantago subulatum,Armeria ruscinonensis.5420 Sarcopoterium spinosum phryganasPAL.CLASS.: 33.31) Low, thorny formations of hemispherical shrubs of the coastal thermo-Mediterranean zone ofAegean islands, of mainland Greece and the Ionian islands, of coastal Anatolia, much morewidespread and diverse than the western Mediterranean formations.2) Plants: Sarcopoterium spinosum, Centaurea spinosa, Satureja thymbra, Thymus capitatus, Genistaacanthoclada, Anthyllis hermanniae, Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Stachys spinosa, Ballotapseudodictamnus, Ballota acetabulosa, Erica manipuliflora, Rhamnus oleoides, Lithospermumhispidulum, Fumana arabica, Fumana thymifolia, Cistus creticus, Cistus parviflorus, Cistussalvifolius, Pistacia lentiscus, Teucrium brevifolium, Teucrium divaricatum, Teucrium polium,Calicotome villosa, Micromeria graeca, Micromeria juliana, Micromeria nervosa, Salvia triloba,19Cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean sclerophyllous formations, often thorny and summer deciduous. They are bestdeveloped in the eastern Mediterranean, where they may occupy considerable surfaces in coastal areas and occasionallyinland. They also include a few rare, relict associations of the west Mediterranean, mostly characteristic of the edge ofseashores and of maritime cliffs, where they constitute an often narrow belt between the cliff communities and thermo-Mediterranean brushes, incorporating, in addition to characteristic, often endemic or very rare, hemispherical cushionformingspecies, an admixture of species belonging to these two vegetation complexes.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 62

Ononis spinosa, Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum, Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum,Phagnalion graecum.5430 Endemic phryganas of the Euphorbio-VerbascionPAL.CLASS.: 33.4 to 33.A1) Cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean sclerophyllous formations, often thorny and summerdeciduous.Sub-types :33.4 - Mid-elevation phryganas of CreteVaried formations of supra- and oro- Mediterranean levels of Crete resulting from the broadcontact between phryganas and hedgehog-heaths (32.7), with Euphorbia acanthothamnos,Verbascum spinosum, Berberis cretica, Phlomis cretica, Satureja biroi, Sideritis syriaca,Hypericum empetrifolia, Origanum microphyllum, Micromeria juliana, Helichrysum italicumssp. microphyllum, Genista acanthoclada.33.5 - Hypericum phryganasExtremely rare, local colonies of hemispherical shrubs of Hypericum aegyptiacum forming openphryganas on calcareous rocks by the sea in the Ionian islands, western Crete, Sardinia andLampedusa.33.6 - Italian Sarcopoterium phryganasVery local, impoverished Sarcopoterium spinosum formations of Capo St. Elia (southernSardinian coast) and of the Gulf of Taranto (Puglia, Calabria).33.7 - Sardinian Genista acanthoclada phryganaVery local Genista acanthoclada ssp. sardoa-dominated communities of north-westernSardinia.33.8 - Balearic clifftop phryganasFormations of the coasts of Mallorca and Minorca dominated by the cushion-forming Balearicendemics Launaea cervicornis, Astragalus balearicus, *Centaurea balearica, Anthyllisfulgurans, A. hermanniae ssp. hystrix, Teucrium subspinosum.33.9 - Cyrno-Sardian Genista phryganasThermo-Mediterranean formations of headlands and peninsulas of Corsica and Sardiniadominated by cushion-forming spiny Genista corsica or G. morisii. These endemic speciesparticipate in the constitution of hedgehog-heaths (31.75) as well as in that of the coastalformations listed here, which assume an evident phrygana appearance; they may also enter inthe composition of mid-elevation formations of less distinctive appearance which can be listedunder 32.482.33.A - Pantelleria phryganaCoastal formation of hemispherical shrubs with the Pantelleria endemics Helichrysum saxatilessp. errerae and Matthiola pulchella, vicariant of the west Mediterranean, Balearic andSardinian clifftop phryganas.2) Plants: 33.4 - Euphorbia acanthothamnos, Verbascum spinosum, Berberis cretica, Phlomis cretica,Satureja biroi, Sideritis syriaca, Hypericum empetrifolia, Origanum microphyllum, Micromeriajuliana, Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum, Genista acanthoclada; 33.5 - Hypericumaegyptiacum; 33.6 - Sarcopoterium spinosum; 33.7 - Genista acanthoclada ssp. sardoa; 33.8 -Launaea cervicornis, Astragalus balearicus, *Centaurea balearica, Anthyllis fulgurans, A.hermanniae ssp. hystrix, Teucrium subspinosum; 33.9 - Genista corsica, G. morisii; 33.A -Helichrysum saxatile ssp. errerae, Matthiola pulchella.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 63

NATURAL AND SEMI-NATURAL GRASSLAND FORMATIONSNatural grasslands6110 * Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands of theAlysso-Sedion albiPAL.CLASS.: 34.111) Open xerothermophile pioneer communities on superficial calcareous or base-rich soils (basicvolcanic substrates), dominated by annuals and succulents of the Alysso alyssoidis-Sedion albiOberdorfer & Müller in Müller 61.Similar communities may develop on artificial substrates; these should not be taken into account.2) Plants: Alyssum alyssoides, Arabis recta, Cerastium spp., Hornungia petraea, Jovibarba spp., Poabadensis, Saxifraga tridactylites, Sedum spp., Sempervivum spp., Teucrium botrys.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "320101 natürlicher Karbonatfels (Kalk, Dolomit) (lückige Vegetation,P002)".Nordic classification: Asplenium ruta-muraria-Asplenium trichomanes-Homalothecium sericeumvariantof "Sedum album-Tortella spp.-typ".4) In some regions of Belgium and Germany this habitat is very closely linked with Xerobromion andMesobromion associations.6120 * Xeric sand calcareous grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 34.121) Dry, frequently open grasslands on more or less calciferous sand with a subcontinental centre ofdistribution (Koelerion glaucae, Sileno conicae-Cerastion semidecandri, Sedo-Cerastion p.).2) Plants: Allium schoenoprasum, Alyssum montanum ssp. gemelinii, Astragalus arenarius,Cardaminopsis arenosa, Carex ligerica, Carex praecox, Dianthus deltoides, Euphorbia seguieriana,Festuca psammophila, Gypsophila fastigiata, Helichrysum arenarium, Herniaria glabra, Koelerionglauca, Petrorhagia prolifera, Sedum reflexum, Silene chlorantha.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "340403 ausdauernder Sandtrockenrasen mit geschlossener Narbe".Nordic classification: "5141 Koeleria glauca-typ".4) This habitat type occurs in association with non coastal dune complexes.5) Olsson, H. (1974). Studies on South Swedish sand vegetation. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 60:1-170.6130 Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariaePAL.CLASS.: 34.2, 36.44Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 64

1) Generally open natural or semi-natural grasslands 1) on natural rock outcrops, rich in heavy metals (e.g.zinc, lead), 2) river gravels and shingles, 3) on old terrils or spoil heaps around mines. These opengrasslands are characterised by a highly specialised flora, with subspecies and ecotypes adapted toheavy metals. The threatened endemic taxa are generally absent from the pioneer vegetation of youngerterrils. This pioneer vegetation is not considered to be a priority.2) Plants: Viola calaminaria and metallophyte races of Thlaspi caerulescens, Armeria maritima,Minuartia verna, Silene vulgaris, Festuca ophioliticola, Cochleria alpina sensu lato.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "3405a natürliche und halbnatürliche Schwermetallrasen".United Kingdom classification: "OV37 Festuca ovina-Minuartia verna community".4) Seminatural sites are to be taken into account mainly if natural sites are very rare or absent from aregion or, if these sites shelter characteristic or outstanding plant species.5) Birse E.L. (1982). Plant communities on serpentine in Scotland. Vegetatio, 49 141-162.6140 Siliceous Pyrenean Festuca eskia grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 36.3141) Subalpine and lower alpine closed mesophile Festuca eskia grasslands of north-facing slopes(ubacs) and depressions in the Pyrenees with Arnica montana, Ranunculus pyrenaeus, Selinumpyrenaeum, Trifolium alpinum, Campanula barbata, Gentiana punctata, Leucorchis albida,Phyteuma betonicifolium.2) Plants: Festuca eskia.6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 36.11, 36.32, 36.341) Boreo-alpine formations of the higher summits of mountains in the Alps and Scandanavia withoutliers elsewhere such as the Carpathians, with Juncus trifidus, Carex bigelowii, mosses andlichens. Also included are associated snowbed communities.2) Plants: Juncus trifidus, Carex bigelowii, Cassiope tetragona.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "U7 Nardus stricta-Carex bigelowii grass heath", "U8 Carexbigelowii-Polytrichum alpinum sedge heath", "U9 Juncus trifidus-Racomitriumlanuginosum rush-heath", "U10 Carex bigelowii-Racomitrium lanuginosum moss heath","U11 Polytrichum sexangulare-Kiaeria starkei snow-bed", "U12 Salix herbacea-Racomitrium lanuginosum snow-bed" and "U14 Alchemilla alpina-Sibbaldia procumbensdwarf-herb community".5) Oksanen, L. & Virtanen, R. (1995). Topographic, altitudinal and regional pattern in suboceanicand continental heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia. Acta Bot. Fenn. 153:1-80.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 65

Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)6160 Oro-Iberian Festuca indigesta grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 36.3611) Thermophile, open, stripped and garland fescue grasslands of siliceous upper slopes and summitsof the high Mediterranean mountains, locally extending into the Euro-Siberian domain at thesubalpine level (Festucetalia indigestae).2) Plants: Festuca indigesta.6170 Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 36.12, 36.41 to 36.43, 36.37, 36.381) Alpine and subalpine grasslands of base-rich soils, with Dryas octopetala, Gentiana nivalis,Gentiana campestris, Alchemilla hoppeana, Alchemilla conjuncta, Alchemilla flabellata, Anthyllisvulneraria, Astragalus alpinus, Aster alpinus, Draba aizoides, Globularia nudicaulis,Helianthemum nummularium ssp. grandiflorum, Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. alpestre,Pulsatilla alpina ssp. alpina, Phyteuma orbiculare, Astrantia major, Polygala alpestris (36.41 to36.43) of mountain ranges such as the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Scandinavia. Also includedare the grasslands of the subalpine (oro-Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highest mountainsof Corsica (36.37), and the Mesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpine levels of thesouthern and central Apennines, developed locally above treeline, on calcareous substrates (36.38).Can also include associated snowpatch communities (e.g. Arabidion coeruleae).Sub-types :36.41 - Closed calciphile alpine grasslandsMesophile, mostly closed, vigorous, often grazed or mowed, grasslands on deep soils of thesubalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkanpeninsula, and, locally, of the Apennines and the Jura.36.42 - Wind edge naked-rush swardsMeso-xerophile, relatively closed and unsculptured swards of Kobresia myosuroides (Elynamyosuroides) forming on deep, fine soils of protruding ridges and edges exposed to strongwinds in the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the CantabrianMountains, Scandinavian mountains and, very locally, the Abruzzi and the mountains of theBalkan peninsula, with Oxytropis jacquinii (Oxytropis montana), Oxytropis pyrenaica,Oxytropis carinthiaca, Oxytropis foucaudii, Oxytropis halleri, Antennaria carpatica, Dryasoctopetala, Draba carinthiaca, Draba siliquosa, Draba fladnizensis, Draba aizoides, Gentianatenella, Erigeron uniflorus, Dianthus glacialis, Dianthus monspessulanus ssp. sternbergii,Potentilla nivea, Saussurea alpina, Geranium argenteum, Sesleria sphaerocephala, Carexatrata, Carex brevicollis, Carex foetida, Carex capillaris, Carex nigra, Carex curvula ssp.rosae and Carex rupestris.Scandinavian Kobresia grasslands with Carex ruprestis are included.36.43 - Calciphilous stepped and garland grasslandsXero-thermophile, open, sculptured, stepped or garland grasslands of the Alps, the Carpathians,the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula and the Mediterranean mountains, withvery local outposts in the Jura.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 66

36.44 - Alpine heavy metal communities: included in habitat 6130 'Calaminarian grasslands(Violetalia calaminariae)',36.37 - Oro-Corsican grasslandsGrasslands of the subalpine (oro-Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highest mountains ofCorsica.36.38 - Oro-Apennine closed grasslandsMesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpine levels of the southern and centralApennines, developed locally above treeline, on calcareous substrates.2) Plants: 36.41 to 36.43 - Dryas octopetala, Gentiana nivalis, Gentiana campestris, Alchemillahoppeana, Alchemilla conjuncta, Alchemilla flabellata, Anthyllis vulneraria, Astragalus alpinus,Aster alpinus, Draba aizoides, Globularia nudicaulis, Helianthemum nummularium ssp.grandiflorum, Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. alpestre, Pulsatilla alpina ssp. alpina, Phyteumaorbiculare, Astrantia major, Polygala alpestris; 36.37 - Plantago subulata ssp. insularis, Saginapilifera, Armeria multiceps, Paronychia polygonifolia, Bellardiochloa violacea, Phleumbrachysrachyum, Geum montanum, Sibbaldia procumbens, Veronica alpina; 36.38 - Festucaviolacea ssp. macrathera, Trifolium thalii.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "CG12 Festuca ovina-Alchemilla alpina-Silene acaulis dwarf-herbheath", "CG13 Dryas octopetala-Carex flacca heath", "CG14 Dryas octopetala-Sileneacaulis ledge community".Nordic classification: "123 Lågörtvegetation på rikt/kalkrikt underlag".Romanian classification: "R3401-Pajişti sud-est carpatice de Asperula capitata şi Sesleria rigida","R3402-Pajişti sud-est carpatice de Helictotrichon decorum", "R3601-Pajişti sud-estcarpatice de rogoz pitic (Kobresia myosuroides) şi Oxytropis carpatica", "R3605-Pajiştisud-est carpatice de păiuş cu colţi (Festuca versicolor) şi Sesleria rigida ssp.haynaldiana", "R3606-Pajişti sud-est carpatice de păiuş de stânci (Festuca saxatilis) ","R3607-Pajişti sud-est carpatice de Festuca amethystina şi Dianthus tenuifolius", "R3611-Pajişti sud-est carpatice de coada iepurelui (Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana) şi rogoz(Carex sempervirens) ", "R3612-Pajişti sud-est carpatice de rogoz (Carex sempervirens) şicoarnă mare (Sesleria bielzii) ", "R3613-Pajişti sud-est carpatice de Carduus kerneri,Festuca carpatica şi Trisetum fuscum", "R3614-Pajişti sud-est carpatice de Festucaxanthina"5) Bringer, K.-G. (1961). Den lågalpina Dryas-hedens differentiering och ståndortsekologi inomTorneträsk-området. 1-2. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 55:349-375, 551-584.Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)6180 Macaronesian mesophile grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 38.51) Secondary grasslands of the highest levels.2) Plants: Holcus rigidus, Festuca jubata, Deschampsia foliosa, Ranunculus cortusifolius, Rumexazorica, Cardamine caldeirarum, Dryopteris azorica, D. crispifolia, Euphrasia grandiflora,Lactuca watsoniana, Senecio malvifolius, Tolpis azorica, Bellis azorica, Sanicula azorica, Ammispp.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 67

6190 Rupicolous pannonic grasslands (Stipo-Festucetaliapallentis)PAL.CLASS.: 34.351) Open, pioneer rock sward associations occurring on steep, dry xeric slopes in medium altitudemountains of the Pannonic basin and adjacent regions at 150-900 m a.sl.. The base rock islimestone, dolomite or calcareous volcanic rock (basalt, andesite, gabbro) and the soils are shallowrendzinas.Sub types:34.351 - Calci-orophile pale fescue grasslands (Diantho lumnitzeri-Seslerion albicantis, Seslerionrigidae)Central European calcicolous subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of orogenous affinities,montane or submontane with a strong representation of species characteristic of higher-altitudecommunities, often occupying stations with a comparatively cool microclimate.34.3522 - Circum-Pannonic calcicline pale fescue grasslands (Bromo pannonici-Festucionpallentis)Species-rich xerothermophile subcontinental rock-ledge grasslands of the western and southernperiphery of the Carpathian arc, developed on rendzinas over limestones or dolomite on southfacingsteep slopes with extreme conditions of insolation, temperature variation and evaporation.34.353 - Acidocline pale fescue grasslands (Asplenio septentrionalis-Festucion pallentis, Alyssosaxatilis-Festucion pallentis)Central European subcontinental xerothermophile grasslands of siliceous collinear and montanerock ledges.2) Plants:Festuca pallens, Bromus pannonicus, Stipa eriocaulis, S. joannis, S. pulcherrima, Carex humilis,Chrysopogon gryllus, Iris pumila, Pulsatilla grandis, Alyssum montanum, Helianthemumnummularium agg., Globularia punctata, Anacamptis pyramidalis. Seseli leucospermum, Linumdolomiticum, Vincetoxicum pannonicum, Draba lasiocarpa, Dianthus regis-stephani, Biscutellalaevigata agg., Polygala amara, Daphne cneorum, Paronychia cephalotes, Sesleria sadleriana,Festuca amethystina3) Corresponding categoriesHungarian classification: “Calcareous open rock grasslands (identification code: G2)","Acidophilous open rock grasslands (identification code: G3)", "Closed rockgrasslands (identification code: H1)".4) Dolomitic grasslands are stable associations preserving many relict species, which may persist forseveral thousand years. They are in contact with karst shrub (Cotino-Quercetum pubescentis) andkarstic beech woods (Orno-Fagetum). During primary succession the limestone and siliceous rockgrasslands become closed and form transition to slope steppe vegetation (Festucion rupicolae), thenrock shrub vegetation (Spiraeion mediae) and thermophile oak woods (Corno-Quercetum) and rockforests (Tilio-Fraxinetum).5) Borhidi, A. & Sánta, A. (eds.) (1999). Vörös Könyv Magyarország növénytársulásairól. 1-2. (RedBook of Hungarian Plant Communities.Vols. 1-2. TermészetBÚVÁR Kiadó, Budapest, pp. 768 (inHungarian)Zólyomi, B. (1966). Neue Klassifikation der Felsenvegetation im pannonischen Raum undangrentenden Gebiete. Bot. Közlem.53. 49-54Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 68

Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies oncalcareous substrates(Festuco-Brometalia)( * important orchid sites)PAL.CLASS.: 34.31 to 34.341) Dry to semi-dry calcareous grasslands of the Festuco-Brometea. This habitat is formed on the onehand by steppic or subcontinental grasslands (Festucetalia valesiacae) and, on the other, by thegrasslands of more oceanic and sub-Mediterranean regions (Brometalia erecti); in the latter case, adistinction is made between primary Xerobromion grasslands and secondary (semi-natural)Mesobromion grasslands with Bromus erectus; the latter are characterised by their rich orchid flora.Abandonment results in thermophile scrub with an intermediate stage of thermophile fringevegetation (Trifolio-Geranietea).Important orchid sites should be interpreted as sites that are important on the basis of one or more ofthe following three criteria:(a) the site hosts a rich suite of orchid species(b) the site hosts an important population of at least one orchid species considered not verycommon on the national territory(c) the site hosts one or several orchid species considered to be rare, very rare or exceptionalon the national territory.2) Plants: Mesobromion - Anthyllis vulneraria, Arabis hirsuta, Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromusinermis, Campanula glomerata, Carex caryophyllea, Carlina vulgaris, Centaurea scabiosa, Dianthuscarthusianorum, Eryngium campestre, Koeleria pyramidata, Leontodon hispidus, Medicago sativassp. falcata, Ophrys apifera, O. insectifera, Orchis mascula, O. militaris, O. morio, O. purpurea, O.ustulata, O. mascula, Polygala comosa, Primula veris, Sanguisorba minor, Scabiosa columbaria,Veronica prostrata, V. teucrium. Xerobromion - Bromus erectus, Fumana procumbens, Globulariaelongata, Hippocrepis comosa. Festucetalia valesiacae: Adonis vernalis, Euphorbia seguierana,Festuca valesiaca, Silene otites, Stipa capillata, S. joannis.Animals: Papilio machaon, Iphiclides podalirius (Lepidoptera); Libelloides spp., Mantis religiosa(Neuroptera).3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "CG1 Festuca ovina-Carlina vulgaris grassland", "CG2 Festucaovina-Avenula pratensis grassland", "CG3 Bromus erectus grassland", CG4 Brachypodiumpinnatum grassland", "CG5 Bromus erectus-Brachypodium pinnatum grassland", "CG6Avenula pubescens grassland", " CG7 Festuca ovina-Hieracium pilosella-Thymuspraecox/pulegioides grassland", "CG8 Sesleria albicans-Scabiosa columbaria grassland","CG9 Sesleria albicans-Galium sterneri grassland".In France the following sub-types are found: 34.31 - Subcontinental (Euro-Siberian and eastern)grasslands of the inner Alps stretching perhaps to Alsace (Stipo capillatae-Festuceneavalesiacae Gaultier 89 prov.); 34.32 - Sub-Atlantic xerocline calcicolous grasslands[Mesobromenalia erecti Royer 87 (IX 212: Brometalia erecti Br-Bl. 36)]; 34.33 -Sub-Atlantic xerophile calcicolous grasslands (Xerobromenalia erecti Royer 87); 34.34 -Central European calcareo-siliceous grasslands generally established onhyperxerothermophile sands, partly denuded (Koelerio macranthae-Phleion phloeidisKorneck 74 (Koelerio macranthae-Phleenalia phloeidis (Korneck 74) Royer 87.German classification: "340101 submediterraner Trockenrasen auf karbonatischem Unterground","34020301 subkontinentaler Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden, gemäht","34020102 submediterraner Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden, beweidetMähweide", "34020103 submediterraner Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden,brachgefallen", "340103 subkontinentaler Trockenrasen auf karbonatischem Untergrund",Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 69

"34020101 submediterraner Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden, gemäht","34020302 subkontinentaler Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden, beweidetMähweide", "34020303 subkontinentaler Halbtrockenrasen auf karbonatischem Boden,brachgefallen", "3403 natürlicher Steppenrasen (kontinental, auf tiefgründigem Boden)".Nordic classification: Avenula pratensis-Artemisia oelandica-variant of "5213 Avenula pratensis-Fragaria viridis-Filipendula vulgaris-typ"4) Often in association with scrubland and thermophile forests and with dry pioneer Sedum meadows(Sedo-Scleranthea).5) Albertsson, N. (1950). Das grosse südliche Alvar der Insel Öland. Eine PflanzensoziologischeÜbersicht. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 44:269-331.6220 * Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of theThero-BrachypodieteaPAL.CLASS.: 34.51) Meso- and thermo-Mediterranean xerophile, mostly open, short-grass annual grasslands rich intherophytes; therophyte communities of oligotrophic soils on base-rich, often calcareous substrates.Perennial communities - Thero-Brachypodietea, Thero-Brachypodietalia: Thero-Brachypodion.Poetea bulbosae: Astragalo-Poion bulbosae (basiphile), Trifolio-Periballion (silicolous). Annualcommunities - Tuberarietea guttatae Br.-Bl. 1952 em. Rivas-Martínez 1978, Trachynietaliadistachyae Rivas-Martínez 1978: Trachynion distachyae (calciphile), Sedo-Ctenopsion (gypsophile),Omphalodion commutatae (dolomitic and silico-basiphile). In France a distinction can be madebetween: (a) annual herbaceous vegetation of dry, initial, low-nitrogen soils ranging from neutro-basicto calcareous: Stipo capensis-Brachypodietea distachyae (Br-Bl. 47) Brullo 85; (b) vegetation ofmore or less closed grasslands on deep, nitrocline and xerocline soil: Brachypodietalia phoenicoidis(Br-Bl. 31) Molinier 34.In Italy this habitat mainly exists in the South and on the islands (Thero-Brachypodietea, Poeteabulbosae, Lygeo-Stipetea).2) Plants: Brachypodium distachyum, B. retusum.6230 * Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceoussubstrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas, inContinental Europe)PAL.CLASS.: 35.1, 36.311) Closed, dry or mesophile, perennial Nardus grasslands occupying siliceous soils in Atlantic orsub-Atlantic or boreal lowland, hill and montane regions. Vegetation highly varied, but the variationis characterised by continuity. Nardetalia: 35.1-Violo-Nardion (Nardo-Galion saxatilis, Violioncaninae); 36.31- Nardion.Species-rich sites should be intrepreted as sites with are remarkable for a high number of species. Ingeneral, the habitats which have become irreversibly degraded through overgrazing should beexcluded.2) Plants: Antennaria dioica, Arnica montana, Campanula barbata, Carex ericetorum, C. pallescens, C.panicea, Festuca ovina, Galium saxatile, Gentiana pneumonanthe, Hypericum maculatum,Hypochoeris maculata, Lathyrus montanus, Leontodon helveticus, Leucorchis albida, MeumInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 70

athamanticum, Nardus stricta, Pedicularis sylvatica, Platanthera bifolia, Polygala vulgaris,Potentilla aurea, P. erecta, Veronica officinalis, Viola canina.Animals: Miramella alpina.3) Corresponding categoriesThe habitat sub-types belonging to the Nardion alliance shows a strong regional differentiation: Alpsand Pyrenees - Geo-montani-Nardetum, Black Forest - Leontodonto-Nardetum, Harz -Pulsatillo micranthae-Nardetum, Bayerischer Wald - Lycopodio-Nardetum. In the UnitedKingdom, the habitat covers the most species-rich sites of the types "CG10 Festucaovina-Agrostis capillaris-Thymus praecox" and "CG11 Festuca ovina-Agrostiscapillaris-Alchemilla alpina grass heath".German classification : "34060101 gemähter Borstgrasrasen der planaren bis submontanen Stufe","34060102 beweideter Borstgrasrasen der planaren bis submontanen Stufe (incl. Mähweide)","34060103 brachgefallener Borstgrasrasen der planaren bis submontanen Stufe", "34060201gemähter Borstgrasrasen der montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe", "34060202 beweideterBorstgrasrasen der montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe (incl. Mähweide)", "34060203brachgefallener Borstgrasrasen der montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe".Nordic classification : "5133 Nardus stricta-typ" and "5233a Carex nigra-Carex panicea-Nardusstricta-variant".5) Sjörs, H. (1967). Nordisk växtgeografi. 2 uppl. Svenska Bokförlaget Bonniers, Stockholm, 240 pp.6240 * Sub-pannonic steppic grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 34.3151) Steppic grasslands, dominated by tussock-grasses, chamaephytes and perennials of the allianceFestucion vallesiacae and related syntaxa. These xerotherme communities are developed on southernexposed slopes with AC-soils on rocky substrate and on clay-sandy sedimentation layers enrichedwith gravels. They are partially of natural, partially of anthropogenic origin.2) Plants: Festuca vallesiaca, Allium flavum, Gagea pusilla, Hesperis tristis, Iris pumila, Ranunculusillyricus, Teucrium chamaedrys, Medicago minima, Globularia cordifolia, Helianthemum canum,Poa badensis, Scorzonera austriaca, Potentilla arenaria, Seseli hippomarathrum, Alyssum alyssoides,Artemisia austriaca, Chrysopogon gryllus, Astragalus austriacus, A. excapus, A. onobrychis,Oxytropis pilosa, Daphne cneorum, Iris humilis ssp. arenaria, Carex humilis, Festuca rupicola, Stipacapillata, S. joannis, Botriochloa ischaemum.3) Corresponding categoriesSyntaxa for Austria: Astragalo austriaci-Festucetum sulcatae, Ranunculo illyrici-Festucetumvalesiacae, Medicagini minimae-Festucetum valesiacae, Poa-Festucetum valesiacae, Stipo joannis-Avenastretum besseri, Teucrio botryos-Andropogonetum ischaemi.5) Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, T. (1993). Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil 1.Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.6250 * Pannonic loess steppic grasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 34.91Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 71

1) Grassland communities rich in perennial grasses and herbs on loess deposits. Originally coveringlarge areas, nowadays restricted to specific land forms like loess ridges formed by fluviatile erosionand accumulation.2) Plants: Artyemisia pontica, Astragalus vesicarius, A. austriacus, A. onobrychis, Crambe tataria,Nonea pulla, Salvia nemorosa, Ornithogalum pannonicum, Agropyron pectinatum, Phlomis tuberosa,Bromus inermis, Festuca rupicola, Falcaria vulgaris, Peucedanum alsaticum, Elymus hispidus,Chamaecytisus supinus, Achillea pannonica..3) Geographical distribution: Austria.Syntaxa for Austria: Astragalo excapi-Crambetum tatarici.5) Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, T. (1993). Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil 1.Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.6260 * Pannonic sand steppesPAL.CLASS.: 34.A1, 34.A21) Formations dominated by medium or tall perennial tuft-forming grasses or suffrutescents, withlacunar ground cover, together with their associated therophyte communities developed on mobile orfixed sands (alluvial sands, subfossil dune systems) within the range of the Pannonic steppes (34.91),thus in the Pannonic basin and the areas dominated by its communities. Also includes similarcommunities in the West Pontic basin (34.A2)2) Plants: Festuca vaginata, Helychrysum arenarium, Dianthus serotinus, Gypsophila fastigiata, G.paniculata, Koeleria glauca, Alyssum montanum ssp. gmelinii, Bassia laniflora, Centaurea scabiosassp. sadleriana, C. jacea ssp. angustifolia, Erysimum diffusum, Stipa capillata, S. pulcherrima,Cynodon dactylon, Festuca pseudovina.Animals: insects - Gampsocleis glabra, Myrmeleotettrix antennatus, *Callimorphaquadripunctaria, Cletis maculosa, Zygaena laeta, Z. punctum, Scythris kasyi.3) Geographical distribution: Austria, France, Italy.Syntaxa for Austria: Festucetum vaginatae, Brometum tectorum, Equisetetum ramosissimi, Potentilloarenariae-Festucetum pseudovinae.5) Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Ellmauer, T. (1993). Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs, Teil 1.Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer, Jena.Stuttgart. New York. pp 578.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 72

6270 * Fennoscandian lowland species-rich dry to mesicgrasslandsPAL.CLASS.: 35.1212, 35.1223, 38.22, 38.241 (1997 version)1) This habitat type occurs in the Fennoscandian lowlands varying from dry to mesic grasslandsmainly on siliceous substrates. The vegetation is formed by long-term continuous grazing and/ormowing. No fertilization may occur. Species composition varies in different geographical areas, ondifferent soils and moisture regimes and different management regimes. Includes habitats whichare still traditionally used and also recently abandoned habitats with a species-rich grasslandvegetation. The habitat often supports species-rich vascular plant communities. Several endangeredfungi-species also occur.2) Plants: Agrostis capillaris, Alchemilla spp., Antennaria dioica, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bistortavivipara, Botrychium spp., Dianthus deltoides, Euphrasia spp., Festuca ovina, F. rubra, Galiumverum, Gentianella campestris, Gymnademia conopsea, Hypochoeris maculata, Leontodonhispidus, Lychnis viscaria, Plantago lanceolata, Primula veris, Ranunculus polyanthemos, Succisapratensis. Fungi : Hygrocybe spp., Geoglossum spp., Entoloma spp.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 5212 Festuca ovina-Lychnis viscaria-type, 5213 Avenula pratensis-Fragariaviridis-Filipendula vulgaris-type, 5222 Agrostis capillaris-Alchemilla spp.- Trifoliumrepens –type, 5223 Leucanthemum vulgare-type, 5224 Germanium sylvaticum-type.6280 * Nordic alvar and precambrian calcareous flatrocksPAL.CLASS.: 34.1151, 34.3171, 34.3173 (1997 version)1) Nordic alvar and Precambrian calcareous flatrocks are very species-rich ecosystems, with anecological character strongly influenced by winter climatic conditions. Where a thin soil layerexists, it is often frozen to ice and covered with snow. Plants and animals have special adaptationsto these conditions. For example the invertebrates must have strategies for overwintering. Annualfreezing and thawing give rise to movements at the soil surface creating small patches of bare soiloccupied by annual plants, a number of which are rare. The flat rocks may be covered with a thinlayer of soil, which is the product of weathering of the underlying rock. The flora and fauna is veryrich in species and many of them are rare.On Öland the Nordic alvar represents a subtype with dominating Helianthemum oelandicum andother endemic species. The ground is covered with a 5-30 cm deep crumbling soil. The inclinationis near zero and the draining process is extremely slow. Freeze-thaw action creates soil polygonswith a characteristic patterning of vegetation. In Nordic alvar there are also depressions, whichsometimes are filled with water. In summertime those wetlands, on Öland and Gotland called“vätar” , will dry up - completely or partially.Nordic alvar is a habitat type of cambro-siluric or precambrian calcareous rocks.2) Plants: Androsace septentrionalis, Asperula tinctoria, Gentianella amarella, Linum catharticum,Melica ciliata, Potentilla tabernaemontani, Saxifraga adscendens, S. tridactylites, Sedum acre, S.album, Hornungia petraea, Festuca ovina, Geranium columbinum, on Gotland e.g. Fumanaprocumbens, Inula ensifolia, I. salicina, Arenaria gothica, Tragopon dubius, Pulsatilla patens,Crepis tectorum ssp. pumila, on Öland also Galium oelandicum, Allium schoenoprasum var.alvarense, Artemisia oelandica, Silene uniflora var. petraea. Lichens- Cetraria nivalis, Aspiciliacalcarea, Fulgensia spp., Toninia caeruleonigricans, Cladonia pocillum, C. symphycarpa,Bryophytes- Encalypta spp., Tortella tortuosa, Ditrichum flexicaule, Schistidium apocarpum.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 73

3) Corresponding categoriesNordic vegetation types: 5151 Sedum album-Tortella spp. -type, 5152 Festuca ovina-Tortella spp.-type and 5213c Avenula pratensis-Artemisia oelandica -variant5) Albertson, N. (1950).- Das grosse südliche Alvar der Insel Öland. Svensk Bot. Tidskrift, 44: 269-331.Pettersson, B. (1958).- Dynamik och konstans i Gotlands flora och vegetation. Acta Phytogeogr.Suec. 40.Rosén, E.L (1982).- Vegetation development and sheep grazing in limestone grassland of southÖland, Sweden. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., nr 72.62A0PAL.CLASS.: 34.75Eastern sub-mediteranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneratalia villosae)1) Xeric grasslands of the sub-Mediterranean zones of Trieste, Istria and the Balkan peninsula, wherethey coexist with steppic grasslands of the Festucetalia valesiacae (6210), developing in areas oflesser continentality than the latter and incorporating a greater Mediterranean element. Includes thefollowing communities; - Carici humilis-Centaureetum rupestris, Genisto holopetalae-Caricetummucronatae, Chrysopogono-Centaureetum cristatae, Danthonio- Scorzoneretum villosae &Cleistogeno – Festucetum rupicolae.2) Plants: Carex humilis, Bromus erectus, Centeurea rupestris, Leucanthemum liburnicum, Plantagoargentea, Jurinea mollis, Iris cengialti, Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. grandis, Genista holopetala#,Hladnikia pastinacifolia, Euphrasia marchesettii#, Pedicularis friderici-augusti, Sesleria juncifolii,Gentiana lutea#, Gentiana clusii, Trinia glauca, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Euphorbia triflora,Festuca rupicola.62B0PAL.CLASS.:* Serpentinophilous grasslands of Cyprus1) Perennial herb communities restricted to ultramafic areas of Cyprus such as the Troodos mountainsand the Akamas peninsula. The vegetation consists of small patches of sparse plant cover on rockyoutcrops and stony places with a specialised flora, including several endemic species. Occurs at700 to 1950 m in the central Troodos range although the most representative communities occurabove 1700m. There are also similar communities at lower altitudes (350 –450m) on Akamas(western Troodos). The substrates are ultramafic rocks such as serpentine, dunite, werhlite &hurzburgite.2) Plants:High altitude form Acinos troodi, Alyssum cypricum, Alyssum troodi, Anthemis plutonia, Corydalisrutifolia, Cynoglossum troodi, Dianthus strictus ssp troodi, Euphorbia cassia ssp. rigoi, Hypericumconfertum ssp. stenobotrys, Lindbergella sintenissii, Onosma troodi , Ranunculus cadmicus varcypricusLow altitude form Alyssum chondrogynum, A akamasicum, Centaurea cyprensis, Hyacinthellamillingeni, Minuartia pichleri, Thymus integerInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 74

62C0PAL.CLASS.: 34.92*Ponto-Sarmatic steppes1) Steppes of the plains, plateau and hills of the western Black Sea, west of the Dniester and thebasins, including those of the lower Danube, of Transylvania and of northern Thrace, of thesouthern edge and valleys of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian plateau, of the Volgaplateau, of Orenburg and of Bachkiria, with grasses such as Stipa capillata, S. lessingiana, Kochiaprostrata, Koeleria lobata (Koeleria degeni), Festuca valesiaca, Dichanthium ischaemum (synBothriochloa ischaemum). Includes vegetation in the alliances Festucion valesiacae, Stipionlessingianae, Agropyro-Kochion and Pimpinello-Thymion zygoidi2) Plants: Festucion valesiacae: Poa angustifolia, Festuca valesiaca, Chrysopogon gryllus, Alyssumsaxatile, Agropyron pectiniformae, Koeleria macrantha, Dichanthium ischaemum, Stipa capillata,Stipa ucrainica, Elymus hispidus;Stipion lessingianae: Stipa lessingiana,S. pulcherrima, S. joannis, Vinca herbacea, Salvia nutans,Cephalaria uralensis, Teucrium polium, Iris pumila, Bromus barcensis, Euphorbia dobrogensis,Crambe tataria;Artemisio-Kochion: Kochia prostrata;Pimpinello-Thymion zygioidi: Agropyron brandzae, Thymus zygioides, Artemisia caucasica,Artemesia pedemontana, Koeleria lobata, Artemisia lerchiana, Festuca callieri, Sedumhillebrandtii, Polythricum piliferum, Melica ciliata, Dianthus nardiformis, Dianthus pseudarmeria,Satureja coerulea, Pimpinella tragium ssp. lithophila.4) Sometimes in association with 40C0 Ponto-Sarmatic deciduous thickets (31.8B7) and 91AAEastern white oak woods (41.73)5) Sanda, V.& Arcus, M., 1999- Sintaxonomia gruparilor vegetale din Dobrogea şi Delta Dunarii,Ed. Cultura, Pitesti.Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)62D0PAL.CLASS.: 36.39Oro-Moesian acidophilous grasslands1) Alpine and sub-alpine grasslands developed over crystalline rocks and other lime-deficientsubstrates or on decalcified soils at 1600 – 2900 m above sea level on high mountains of theCentral Balkan Peninsula, including the Balkan Range, Rila, Pirin, Slavyanka, the CentralRhodopes, Ossogovska Planina, Belassitza. The communities are dominated by grasses such asFestuca paniculata, Bellardiochloa violacea, Festuca airoides, Calamagrostis arundinacea,Fstuca nigrescens,and Agrostis capillaris. The Balkan endemics Festuca balcanica, F. riloensis, F.valida, Sesleria comosa and Carex bulgarica also occur in these communities.Sub-types:36.391 Oro-Moesian Festuca paniculata grasslands36.3921 Oro-Moesian Festuca valida grasslands36.3922 Balkan Festuca balcanica grasslands36.393 Oro-Moesian Poa violacea grasslands36.3941 Oro-Moesian criiked sedge grasslands36.39421 Rhodopide Festuca riloensis grasslands36.3943 Oro-Moesian Festuca airoides grasslands36.3944 Oro-Moesian Sesleria comosa grasslands36.3945 Oro-Moesian Agrostis rupestris grasslandsInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 75

2) Plants : Festuca airoides, Festuca balcanica, Festuca nigrescens, Festuca paniculata, F. riloensis,Festuca valida, Bellardiochloa violacea, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Sesleria comosa, Aquilegiaaurea, Lilium jankae, Gentiana lutea, Gentiana punctata, Viola rhodopaea, Primula deorum,Carex bulgarica5) Bondev, I. 1991. The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1:600000 with explanatory text. St. KlimentOhridski University Press, Sofia : 183p. (in Bulgarian)Meshinev, T., Apostolova, I., Kachaunova, E., Velchev, V. & I. Bondev, 2000. Flora and plantcommunirties. In: Popov, A., Meshinev, T. (eds) High mountain treeless zone of the CentralBalkan National Park. Biological diversity and problems of its conservation. Sofia, BSBCP : 1-337..Rousakova, V. 2000. Vegetation alpine et sous alpine superiore de la montagne de Rila (Bulgarie).Braun-Blanquetia, 25: 132Sclerophillous grazed forests (dehesas)6310 Dehesas with evergreen Quercus spp.PAL.CLASS.: 32.11 x 91.21) A characteristic landscape of the Iberian peninsula in which crops, pasture land or Meso-Mediterranean arborescent matorral, in juxtaposition or rotation, are shaded by a fairly closed to veryopen canopy of native evergreen oaks (Quercus suber, Q.ilex, Q.rotundifolia, Q.coccifera). It is animportant habitat of raptors, including the threatened Iberian endemic eagle (Aquila adalberti), of thecrane (Grus grus), of large insects and their predators and of the endangered felid (*Lynx pardinus)2) Plants: Quercus suber, Q.ilex, Q.rotundifolia, Q.coccifera.Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-siltladensoils (Molinion caeruleae)PAL.CLASS.: 37.311) Molinia meadows of plain to montane levels, on more or less wet nutrient poor soils (nitrogen,phosphorus). They stem from extensive management, sometimes with a mowing late in the year or,they correspond to a deteriorated stage of draining peat bogs.Sub-types :37.311: on neutro-alkaline to calcareous soils with a fluctuating water table, relatively rich in species(Eu-molinion). The soil is sometimes peaty and becomes dry in summer.37.312: on more acid soils of the Junco-Molinion (Juncion acutiflori) except species-poor meadowsor on degraded peaty soils.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 76

2) Plants: 37.311 - Molinia coerulea, Dianthus superbus, Selinum carvifolia, Cirsium tuberosum,Colchicum autumnale, Inula salicina, Silaum silaus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Serratula tinctoria,Tetragonolobus maritimus; 37.312 - Viola persiciflora, V. palustris, Galium uliginosum, Cirsiumdissectum, Crepis paludosa, Luzula multiflora, Juncus conglomeratus, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Inulabritannica, Lotus uliginosus, Dianthus deltoides, Potentilla erecta, P. anglica, Carex pallescens.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M26 - Molinia caerulea-Crepis paludosa fen meadow" and "M24 -Molinia caerula-Cirisum dissectum fen meadow type" ("M23 - Juncus effusus/acutiflorus-Galium palustre rush pasture" and "M25 - Molinia caerulea-Potentilla erecta mire" areexcluded).German classification: "35020102 Pfeifengraswiese auf kalkreichen Standort".Nordic classification: "5233 Carex nigra-Carex panicea-Molinea caerulea-typ", "5234 Carexflacca-Primula farinosa-Orchis spp.-typ" and "5235 Molinia caerulea-typ".4) In some regions, these grasslands are in close contact with Nardetalia communities. For the Moliniameadows of river valleys, a transition toward Cnidion dubii alliance is observed.5) Ekstam, U., Aronsson, N. & Forshed, N. (1988). Ängar. Om naturliga slåttermarker iängslandskapet. LTs förlag, Stockholm, 209 pp.6420 Mediterranean tall humid herb grasslands of theMolinio-HoloschoenionPAL.CLASS.: 37.41) Mediterranean humid grasslands of tall grasses and rushes, widespread in the entire Mediterraneanbasin, extending along the coasts of the Black Sea, in particular in dunal systems.2) Plants: Scirpus holoschoenus (Holoschoenus vulgaris), Agrostis stolonifera, A. reuteri, Galium debile,Molinia caerulea, Briza minor, Melica cupanii, Cyperus longus, Linum tenue, Trifolium resupinatum,Schoenus nigricans, Peucedanum hispanicum, Carex mairii, Juncus maritimus, J. acutus, Asteriscusaquaticus, Hypericum tomentosum, H. tetrapterum, Inula viscosa, Oenanthe pimpinelloides, O.lachenalii, Eupatorium cannabinum, Prunella vulgaris, Pulicaria dysenterica, Tetragonolobusmaritimus, Orchis laxiflora, Dactylorhiza elata, Succisa pratensis, Sonchus maritimus ssp. aquatilis,Silaum silaus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Serratula tinctoria, Genista tinctoria, Cirsiummonspessulanum, C. pyrenaicum, Senecio doria, Dorycnium rectum, Erica terminalis, Euphorbiapubescens, Lysimachia ephemerum.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 77

6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains andof the montane to alpine levelsPAL.CLASS.: 37.7 and 37.81) 37.7 - Wet and nitrophilous tall herb edge communities, along water courses and woodland bordersbelonging to the Glechometalia hederaceae and the Convolvuletalia sepium orders (Senecionfluviatilis, Aegopodion podagrariae, Convolvulion sepium, Filipendulion).37.8 - Hygrophilous perennial tall herb communities of montane to alpine levels of the Betulo-Adenostyletea class.2) Plants: 37.7 - Glechoma hederacea, Epilobium hirsutum, Senecio fluviatilis, Filipendula ulmaria,Angelica archangelica, Petasites hybridus, Cirsium oleraceum, Chaerophyllum hirsutum, Aegopodiumpodagraria, Alliaria petiolata, Geranium robertianum, Silene dioica, Lamium album, Lysimachiapunctata, Lythrum salicaria, Crepis paludosa; 37.8 - Aconitum lycoctonum (A. vulparia), A. napellus,Geranium sylvaticum, Trollius europaeus, Adenostyles alliariae, Peucedanum ostruthium, Cicerbitaalpina, Digitalis grandiflora, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Cirsium helenioides.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "U17 - Luzula sylvatica-Geum rivale tall herb community".German classification: "390101 krautiger Ufersaum an besonnten Gewässern", "39050101 feuchterStaudensaum der planaren bis submontanen Stufe", "390102 krautiger Ufersaum anbeschatteten Gewäsern (z.B. mit Cardamine amara, Bitteres Schaumkraut)", "35020203nährstoffreiche, Feucht- bzw. Naßgrünlandbrache der planaren bis submontanen Stufe","35020303 nährstoffreiche, Feucht- bzw. Naßgrünlandbrache der planaren bis hochmontanenStufe", "39050201 montane bis hochmontane Hochstaudenflur", "39050202 montane bishochmontane Hochgrasflur (Calamagrostion arundinaceae)", "6701 subalpine bzw. alpineHochstaudenflur (Alpen)".Nordic classification: "126 Högörtängsvegetation".4) Similar communities to 37.8, with a weak development, occur at lower altitude along rivers and forestborders (in Wallonia -Belgium for example). Nitrophilous edge communities comprising only basal,common species in the region have no conservation priority. These tall herb communities could alsodevelop in wet meadows, let lie fallow, without any cutting. Large areas of wet meadows let lie fallowand neophyte communities with Helianthus tuberosus, Impatiens glandulifera, should not be taken intoaccount.5) Dahl, E. (1987). Alpine-subalpine plant communities of South Scandinavia. Phytocoenologia15:455-484.Larsson, A. (1976). Den sydsvenska fuktängen. Vegetation, dynamic och skötsel. Medd. Avd.Ekol. Bot. Lund 31.6440 Alluvial meadows of river valleys of the Cnidion dubiiPAL.CLASS.: 37.231) Alluvial meadows with natural flooding regime belonging to the Cnidion dubii alliance, undercontinental to subcontinental climatic conditions.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 78

2) Plants: Cnidium dubium (C. venosum), Viola persicifolia, Scutellaria hastifolia, Allium angulosumOenanthe lachenalii, Gratifolia officinalis, Carex praecox var. suzae, Juncus atratus, Lythrumvirgatum.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "35020201 närrstoffreiche, extensive Feucht- bzw. Naßwiese der planaren bissubmontanen Stufe", "35020202 närrstoffreiche, extensive Feucht- bzw. Naßwiese derplanaren bis submontanen Stufe (incl. Mähweide)", "350204 Flutrasen".4) This is a transition habitat between wet and dry meadows and which cover small areas. This point hasto taken into account during site selection.6450 Northern boreal alluvial meadowsPAL.CLASS.: -1) Along large rivers with placid river sections which are frozen every winter, the type is affected byflooding in spring. The traditional management as hay meadows has usually ceased. Type includesareas that are not yet severely overgrown with trees and bushes.2) Plants: Carex acuta, C. aquatilis, C. canescens, Calamagrostis purpurea, Convallaria majalis,Deschampsia cespitosa, Elymus fibrosus, E. mutabilis, Festuca ovina, Equisetum fluviatile, Galiumboreale, Molinia caerulea, Nardus stricta, Phalaris arundinacea, Salix triandra, Solidagovirgaurea, Thalictrum simplex subsp. boreale, Trollius europaeus.4) Includes several vegetation types which vary according to the moisture (flooding) gradient:Equisetum fluviatile-alluvial meadows, Carex acuta or C. aquatilis-alluvial meadows,Calamagrostis-alluvial meadows, Phalaris-alluvial meadows, Deschampsia caespitosa-alluvialmeadows, tall-herb alluvial meadows, dry alluvial meadows.5) Cajander, A. (1909). - Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Vegetation der Alluvionen des NördlichenEurasiens. III. Die Alluvionen der Tornio- und Kemi -Thäler. Acta Soc. Scient. Fenn. 37(5):1-222.Eurola, S. (1967).- Über die Vegetation der Alluvialwiesen im Gebiet der geplanted Stauseen vonLokka und Porttipahta im Finnischen Lappland. Aquilo, Ser. Botanica. 5:1-119.Hanhela, P. (1994).- Oulangan kansallispuiston tulvaniityt. Metsähallituksenluonnonsuojelujulkaisuja. Sarja A, 24:1-43.6460 *Peat grasslands of TroodosPAL.CLASS.:1) Calamagrostis epipejeos tall (c. 1m) meadows developing at an altitude of around 1650 m onseasonally inundated depressions, on serpentinised substrate with basic pH. The meadows areinundated from October-November until June-July, depending on the rainfall but even in summerthe soil is wet and muddy. The vegetation cover is thick and the dominant graminoids C. epipejeosand Juncus littoralis and other herbs form a continuous mat on the soil. The floristic structure ischaracterised by species which occur only or mainly at this habitat in Cyprus, such as C. epipejeosInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 79

and Poa pratensis, and by a few endemic species occuring only at the high altitude damp places inthe Troodos mountains3) Plants:.Calamagrostis epigejeos, Juncus littoralis, Poa pratensis, Polypogon semiverticillatus,Ornithogalum chionopilum, Pteridium aquilinum, Viola siechiana, Alyssum cypricum,Brachypodium firmifolium, Hypericum perforatum, Scirpoides holoschoenus, Crocus cyprius(proposed for Annex II and IV), Schoenus nigrigans, Carex divulsa, Carex distans, Taraxacumholmboei.Mesophile grasslands6510 Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis,Sanguisorba officinalis)PAL.CLASS.: 38.21) Species-rich hay meadows on lightly to moderately fertilised soils of the plain to submontane levels,belonging to the Arrhenatherion and the Brachypodio-Centaureion nemoralis alliances. Theseextensive grasslands are rich in flowers and are not cut before the grasses flower and then only one ortwo times per year.2) Plants: Arrhenatherum elatius, Trisetum flavescens ssp. flavescens, Pimpinella major, Centaurea jacea,Crepis biennis, Knautia arvensis, Tragopogon pratensis, Daucus carota, Leucanthemum vulgare,Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis, Campanula patula, Leontodon hispidus, L. nudicaulis,Linum bienne, Oenanthe pimpinelloides, Rhinanthus lanceolatus, Malva moschata, Serapias cordigera.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "MG4 -Alopecurus pratensis-Sanguisorba officinalis grassland".German classification: "34070101 artenreiche, frische Mähwiese der planaren bis submontanen Stufe","34070102 artenreiche, frische Weide der planaren bis submontanen Stufe (incl. Mähweide)".Nordic classification: "5223 Leucanthemum vulgare-typ".Romanian classification: “R3716 - Pajişti danubiano-pontice de Poa pratensis, Festuca pratensis şiAlopecurus pratensis”, “R3802 - Pajişti daco-getice de Arrhenatherum elatius”.4) Wet to dry sub-types occur. If management practices become intensive with heavy applications offertiliser, the species diversity rapidly declines.5) Buffa, G., Marchiori, S., Sburlino, G. (1988-1989). Contributo alla conoscenza dei prati e pratopascolidella Bassa Valsugana (Trento). Not. FItosoc., 24: 125-134.Ekstam, U, Aronsson, N. & Forshed, N. (1988). Ängar. Om naturliga slåttermarker iängslandskapet. LTs förlag, Stockholm, 209 pp.Pedrotti, F. (1963). I prati falciabili della Val di Sole (Trentino occidentale). St. Trent. Sc. Nat., 40 (1):3-122.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 80

6520 Mountain hay meadowsPAL.CLASS.: 38.311) Species-rich mesophile hay meadows of the montane and sub-alpine levels (mostly above 600 metres)usually dominated by Trisetum flavescens and with Heracleum sphondylium, Viola cornuta, Astrantiamajor, Carum carvi, Crepis mollis, C. pyrenaica, Bistorta major, (Polygonum bistorta), Silene dioica,S. vulgaris, Campanula glomerata, Salvia pratensis, Centaurea nemoralis, Anthoxanthum odoratum,Crocus albiflorus, Geranium phaeum, G. sylvaticum, Narcissus poeticus, Malva moschata, Valerianarepens, Trollius europaeus, Pimpinella major, Muscari botryoides, Lilium bulbiferum, Thlaspicaerulescens, Viola tricolor ssp. subalpina, Phyteuma halleri, P. orbiculare, Primula elatior,Chaerophyllum hirsutum and many others.2) Plants: Trisetum flavescens and with Heracleum sphondylium, Viola cornuta, Astrantia major, Carumcarvi, Crepis mollis, C. pyrenaica, Bistorta major (Polygonum bistorta), Silene dioica, S. vulgaris,Campanula glomerata, Salvia pratensis, Centaurea nemoralis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Crocusalbiflorus, Geranium phaeum, G. sylvaticum, Narcissus poeticus, Malva moschata, Valeriana repens,Trollius europaeus, Pimpinella major, Muscari botryoides, Lilium bulbiferum, Thlaspi caerulescens,Viola tricolor ssp. subalpina, Phyteuma halleri, P. orbiculare, Primula elatior, Chaerophyllumhirsutum, Alchemilla spp., Cirsium heterophylum.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : ""MG3 Anthoxanthum odoratum-Geranium sylvaticum grassland".British types with Geranium sylvaticum.Nordic classification : "5224 Geranium sylvaticum-typ", "5225 Festuca ovina-Bistorta viviparatyp"and "5226 Festuca rubra-Bistorta vivipara-typ".Romanian classification: "R3801 - Pajişti sud-est carpatice de Trisetum flavescens şi Alchemillavulgaris".5) Sjörs, H. (1967). Nordisk växtgeografi. 2 uppl. Svenska Bokförlaget Bonniers, Stockholm, 240 pp.6530 * Fennoscandian wooded meadowsPAL.CLASS.: -1) A vegetation complex consisting of small copses of deciduous trees and shrubs and patches of openmeadows. Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), birch (Betula pendula, B. pubescens) and Quercus robur, Tiliacordata, Ulmus glabra or Alnus incana are the common tree species. Nowadays very few areas aremanaged but traditionally these areas were managed by a combination of raking, hay-cutting,grazing of grassland and pollarding or lopping of trees. Species-rich vegetation complexes withrare and threatened meadow species and well developed epiphytic flora of mosses and lichens arecharacteristic. Many threatened species preferring old pollarded deciduous trees of semi-openhabitats occur. The habitat type includes managed areas and overgrown areas with old pollarded orlopped deciduous trees. The type does not include abandoned meadows being invaded by trees.2) Plants: (In addition to the above mentioned tree species), Briza media, Corylus avellana,Cotoneaster scandinavicus, Crataegus spp., Cypripedium calceolus, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, D.Sambucina, Festuca ovina, Geranium sanguineum, Helianthemum nummularium, Listera ovata,Malus sylvestris, Orchis mascula, Plantago lanceolata, Polygala amarella, P. vulgaris, Primulafarinosa, Primula veris, Ranunculus ficaria, Rosa spp., Sorbus hybrida, S. intermedia5) Häggström, C.-A. (1983).- Vegetation and soil of the wooded meadows in Nåtö, Aland. Acta Bot.Fennica ,120:1-66.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 81

Häggström, C.-A. (1988).- Protection of wooded meadows in Ăland - problems, methods andperspectives. Oulanka Reports, 8:88-95.Sphagnum acid bogsRAISED BOGS AND MIRES AND FENS7110 * Active raised bogsPAL.CLASS.: 51.11) Acid bogs, ombrotrophic, poor in mineral nutrients, sustained mainly by rainwater, with a water levelgenerally higher than the surrounding water table, with perennial vegetation dominated by colourfulSphagna hummocks allowing for the growth of the bog (Erico-Sphagnetalia magellanici,Scheuchzerietalia palustris p., Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris p., Caricetalia fuscae p.).The term "active" must be taken to mean still supporting a significant area of vegetation that isnormally peat forming, but bogs where active peat formation is temporarily at a standstill, such asafter a fire or during a natural climatic cycle e.g., a period of drought, are also included.2) Plants: Erico-Sphagnetalia magellanici- Andromeda polifolia, Carex pauciflora, Cladonia spp.,Drosera rotundifolia, Eriophorum vaginatum, Odontoschisma sphagni, Sphagnum magellanicum, S.imbricatum, S. fuscum, Vaccinium oxycoccos; in the Boreal region also Betula nana,Chamaedaphne calyculata, Calluna vulgaris, Ledum palustre and Sphagnum angustifolium.Scheuchzerietalia palustris p., Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris p., Caricetalia fuscae p.- Carexfusca, C. limosa, Drosera anglica, D. intermedia, Eriophorum gracile, Rhynchospora alba, R. fusca,Scheuchzeria palustris, Utricularia intermedia, U. minor, U. ochroleuca; in the Boreal region alsoSphagnum balticum and S. majus.Animals: Dragonflies- Leucorrhinia dubia, Aeshna subartica, A. caerulea, A. juncea, Somatochloraarctica, S. alpestris; Butterflies- Colias palaeno, Boloria aquilonaris, Coenonympha tullia,Vacciniina optilete, Hypenodes turfosalis, Eugraphe subrosea; Spiders- Pardosa sphagnicola,Glyphesis cottonae; Ants- Formica transkaucassia; Cricket/Grasshopper- Metrioptera brachyptera,Stethophyma grossum.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M1 Sphagnum auriculatum bog pool community", "M3 Eriophorumangustifolium bog pool community", "M18 Erica tetralix-Sphagum papillosum raised andblanket mire", "M20a Eriophorum vaginatum blanket and mixed mire - species poor subcommunity".German classification: "360101 Hochmoor der planaren bis submontanen Stufe", "360102 Hochmoorder montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe".Nordic classification: "312 Ristuvvegetation", "313 Fastmattevegetation", "314 Mjukmatte-ochlösbottenvegetation" and "311 Skogmossvegetation" when comprising a part of the mirecomplexe.4) In order to support the conservation of this ecosystem over its geographic range and its geneticdiversity, marginal areas of lower quality as a result of damage or degradation which abut activeraised bogs may need to be included, protected and, where practicable, regenerated. There are veryfew intact or near-intact raised bogs in Europe, except in Finland and Sweden where active raisedbogs are the predominant mire complex type in hemiboreal and southern boreal regions.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 82

5) Curtis, J.R. (in press). The raised bogs of Ireland: their ecology, status and conservation.Government Publications, Dublin.Eurola, S., Hicks, S. & Kaakinen, E. (1984). Key to Finnish Mire Types.Moore, J.J. (1968). A classification of the bogs and wet heaths of northern Europe(Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943). In: Pflanzensoziologische Systematik. Bericht über dasinternationale Symposium in Stolzenau/Weser 1964 der Internationale Vereinigung fürVegetationskunde (R.Tuxen, Ed.). Junk, Den Haag. 306 - 320.Nature Conservation Council (1989). Guidelines for the selection of biological SSSI's. NatureConservation Council , Peterborough.Oswald, H. (1923). Die Vegetation des Hochmoores Komosse. Sv. Växtsociol. Sällsk. Handl. 1:1-436.Schouten, M.C.G. (1984). Some aspects of the ecogeographical gradient in Irish ombrotrophicbogs. Peat Congress, Dublin. 1: 414 - 432.Tuxen, R., Miyawaki, A. & Fujiwara, K. (1972). Eine erweiterte Gliederung derOxycocco-Sphagnetea. In: Grundfragen und Methoden in der Pflanzensoziologie. (R.Tuxen, Ed.).Junk, Den Haag. 500 - 520.7120 Degraded raised bogs still capable of naturalregenerationPAL.CLASS.: 51.21) These are raised bogs where there has been disruption (usually anthropogenic) to the naturalhydrology of the peat body, leading to surface desiccation and/or species change or loss.Vegetation on these sites usually contains species typical of active raised bog as the maincomponent, but the relative abundance of individual species is different. Sites judged to be stillcapable of natural regeneration will include those areas where the hydrology can be repaired andwhere, with appropriate rehabilitation management, there is a reasonable expectation of reestablishingvegetation with peat-forming capability within 30 years. Sites unlikely to qualify asSACs are those that consist largely of bare peat, that are dominated by agricultural grasses or othercrops, or where components of bog vegetation have been eradicated by closed canopy woodlands.5) Malmer, N. (1965). The southern mires. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 50:149-158.7130 Blanket bogs ( * if active bog)PAL.CLASS.: 52.1 and 52.21) Extensive bog communities or landscapes on flat or sloping ground with poor surface drainage, inoceanic climates with heavy rainfall, characteristic of western and northern Britain and Ireland. Inspite of some lateral water flow, blanket bogs are mostly ombrotrophic. They often cover extensiveareas with local topographic features supporting distinct communities [Erico-Sphagnetaliamagellanici: Pleurozio purpureae-Ericetum tetralicis, Vaccinio-Ericetum tetralicis p.;Scheuchzerietalia palustris p., Utricularietalia intermedio-minoris p., Caricetalia fuscae p.]. Sphagnaplay an important role in all of them but the cyperaceous component is greater than in raised bogs.The term "active" must be taken to mean still supporting a significant area of vegetation that isnormally peat forming.Sub-types in the British Isles52.1 – HyperAtlantic blanket bogs of the western coastlands of Ireland, western Scotland and itsislands, Cumbria, Northern Wales ; bogs locally dominated by sphagna (Sphagnumauriculatum, S. magellanicum, S. compactum, S. papillosum, S. nemoreum, S. rubellum, S.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 83

tenellum, S. subnitens), or, particularly in parts of western Ireland, mucilaginous algal deposits(Zygogonium).52.2 – Blanket bogs of high ground, hills and mountains in Scotland, Ireland, Western Englandand Wales.2) Plants: 52.1- Calluna vulgaris, Campylopus atrovirens, Carex panicea, Drosera rotundifolia, Ericatetralix, Eriophorum vaginatum, Molinia caerulea, Myrica gale, Narthecium ossifragum, Pedicularissylvatica, Pinguicula lusitanica, Pleurozia purpurea, Polygala serpyllifolia, Potentilla erecta,Racomitrium languginosum, Rhynchospora alba, Schoenus nigricans, Scirpus cespitosus, Sphagnumpulchrum, S. strictum, S. compactum, S. auriculatum. 52.2 - Calluna vulgaris, Diplophyllumalbicans, Drosera rotundifolia, Empetrum nigrum, Erica tetralix, Eriophorum vaginatum, Myliataylorii, Narthecium ossifragum, Rubus chamaemorus, Scirpus cespitosus, Vaccinium myrtillis.Animals: birds - Pluvialis apricaria, Calidris alpina.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M1 Sphagnum auriculatum bog pool community", "M15 Scirpuscespitosus-Erica tetralix wet heath", "M17 Scirpus cespitosus-Eriophorum vaginatum blanketmire", "M18 Erica tetralix-Sphagnum papillosum raised and blanket mire", "M19 Callunavulgaris-Eriophorum vaginatum blanket mire", "M20 Eriophorum vaginatum blanket mire".4) In the United Kingdom discrete areas of raised bog and blanket bog may occur in some districts,showing their characteristic differences. In many other areas, however, peatlands which may havebegun as raised bog have became merged in a general expanse of blanket bog, losing their distinctivemarginal features. Within these blanket bogs, there are other peat-forming systems which, strictlyspeaking, form part of various biotopes of aquatic and amphibious zones, fens and moorland.5) Doyle, G.J. & Moore,J.J. (1980). Western blanket bog (Pleurozio purpureae-Ericetum tetralicis) inIreland and Great Britain. Colloques Phytosociologiques. VII: 213 - 223.Moore, J.J. (1968). A classification of the bogs and wet heaths of northern Europe(Oxycocco-Sphagnetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943). In: Pflanzensoziologische Systematik. Bericht über dasinternationale Symposium in Stolzenau/Weser 1964 der Internationale Vereinigung fürVegetationskunde (R.Tuxen, Ed.). Junk, Den Haag. 306 - 320.Nature Conservation Council (1989). Guidelines for the selection of biological SSSI's. NatureConservation Council , Peterborough.Tuxen, R., Miyawaki, A. & Fujiwara, K. (1972). Eine erweiterte Gliederung derOxycocco-Sphagnetea. In: Grundfragen und Methoden in der Pflanzensoziologie. (R.Tuxen, Ed.).Junk, Den Haag. 500 - 520.7140 Transition mires and quaking bogsPAL.CLASS.: 54.51) Peat-forming communities developed at the surface of oligotrophic to mesotrophic waters, withcharacteristics intermediate between soligenous and ombrogenous types. They present a large anddiverse range of plant communities. In large peaty systems, the most prominent communities areswaying swards, floating carpets or quaking mires formed by medium-sized or small sedges, associatedwith sphagnum or brown mosses. They are generally accompanied by aquatic and amphibiouscommunities. In the Boreal region this habitat type includes minerotrophic fens that are not part of alarger mire complex, open swamps and small fens in the transition zone between water (lakes, ponds)and mineral soil.These mires and bogs belong to the Scheuchzerietalia palustris order (oligotrophic floating carpetsamong others) and to the Caricetalia fuscae order (quaking communities). Oligotrophic water-landinterfaces with Carex rostrata are included.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 84

2) Plants: Eriophorum gracile, Carex chordorrhiza, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex diandra, Carex rostrata,Carex limosa, Scheuchzeria palustris, Hammarbya paludosa, #Liparis loeselii, Rhynchospora alba, R.fusca, Menyanthes trifoliata, Epilobium palustre, Pedicularis palustris, Sphagnum sp. (S. papillosum,S. angustifolium, S. subsecundun, S. fimbriatum, S. riparium, S. cuspidatum, Calliergon giganteum,Drepanocladus revolvens, Scorpidium scorpioides, Campylium stellatum, Aneura pinguis.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M4 - Carex rostrata-Sphagnum recurvum mire", "M5 - Carexrostrata-Sphagnum squarrosum mire", "M8 - Carex rostrata-Sphagnum warnstofii mire", "M9Carex rostrata-Calliergon cuspidatum/giganteum", "S27 -Carex rostrata-Potentillapalustris fen".German classification: "360201 Übergangs- oder Zwischenmoor der planaren bis submontanen Stufe","360202 Übergangs- oder Zwischenmoor der montanen bis hochmontanen Stufe".Nordic classification: "312 Ristuvvegetation", "32 Fattigkärrvegetation (except 321)", "314Mjukmatte-och lösbottenvegetation på öppna mossar", "3321 Trichophorum caespitosum-Molinia caerulea-Sphagnum spp.-Drepanocladus spp.-typ", "3323 Carex nigra-Drepanocladus exannulatus-Calliergon spp.-typ", "Trichophorum caespitosum-Drepanocladus revolvens-variant of 3323", "3331 Carex spp.-Sphagnum spp.-Drepanocladus spp.-typ", "Carex spp.-Sphagnum fallax-subsecundum-variant of 3331","3333 Potentilla palustris-Carex spp.-Sphagnum spp.- Drepanocladus exannulatus-typ","3341 Carex spp.-Phragmites-Iris pseudacorus-Sphagnum-typ".4) Associated with amphibious communities (22.3), fens (54.2 et 54.4), bogs (51.1-2) or humid grasslands(37.2-3).5) Du Rietz, G. E. (1949). Huvudenheter och huvudgränser i svensk myrvegetation. Sven. Bot.Tidskr. 43:274-309.7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the RhynchosporionPAL.CLASS.: 54.61) Highly constant pioneer communities of humid exposed peat or, sometimes, sand, withRhynchospora alba, R. fusca, Drosera intermedia, D. rotundifolia, Lycopodiella inundata, formingon stripped areas of blanket bogs or raised bogs, but also on naturally seep- or frost-eroded areas ofwet heaths and bogs, in flushes and in the fluctuation zone of oligotrophic pools with sandy,slightly peaty substratum. These communities are similar, and closely related, to those of shallowbog hollows (51.122) and of transition mires (54.57).2) Plants: Rhynchospora alba, R. fusca, Drosera intermedia, D. rotundifolia, Lycopodiella inundata.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 85

7160 Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfensPAL.CLASS.: 5411(1997 version)1) Springs and springfens are characterized by continuous flow of ground-water. The water is cold, ofeven temperature, and rich in oxygen and minerals, due to the rapid percolation. Springs may havea basin where the water wells up and an adjacent outflow with typical vegetation. In springfens thewater seeps up through the ground and the accumulated peat, enhancing the growth of specializedvegetation. Since the water originates from deeper layers, these springs often have running waterduring the winter even if the surrounding areas are frozen and snow-covered. The invertebratefauna is often very specific to this habitat and the flora rich in northern species.2) Plants: Cardamine amara, Chrysosplenium spp., Carex appropinquata, C. capillaris, C.paniculata, Epilobium hornemanni, E. davuricum, E. laestadii, E. alsinifolium, Montia fontana,Poa alpigena, P. remota, P. trivialis, Ranunculus lapponicus, R.. hyperboreus, Stellaria alsine, S.calycantha, S. nemorum; Bryophytes- Brachythecium rivulare, Bryum weigelii, B.pseudotriquetrum, B. schleicherii, Calliergon giganteum, C. sarmentosum, Philonotis spp., Pohliawahlenbergii, Plagiomnium undulatum, Rhizomnium spp., Scapania spp., Warnstorfia exannulata.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 3511 Sphagnum - Drepanocladus -type, 3512 Montia fontana-Epilobiumhornemannii-type, 3513 Saxifraga stellaris-Philonotis fontana-type, 3521 Philonotis-type,3523 Paludella-type, 3432 Filipendula ulmaria - Carex spp. - Drepanocladus spp. -Paludella squarrosa -type5) Hedenäs, L. & Löfroth, M. (1992).- Mossor som indikerar särskilt skyddsvärda våtmarksbiotoper.Svensk Bot. Tidskrift, 86.Eurola, S. & Virtanen, R. (1991).- Key to the vegetation of northern Fennoscandian fjelds.Kilpisjärvi Notes, 12: 1-28.Calcareous fens7210 *Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species ofthe Caricion davallianaePAL.CLASS.: 53.31) Cladium mariscus beds of the emergent-plant zones of lakes, fallow lands or succession stage ofextensively farmed wet meadows in contact with the vegetation of the Caricion davallianae or otherPhragmition species [Cladietum marisci (Allorge 1922) Zobrist 1935].2) Plants: Cladium mariscus, #Kostelezkia pentacarpos.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "S2 Cladietum marisci", "S24 Peucedano-Phragmitetum australis","S25 Phragmites australis-Eupatorium cannabinum fen", "M9 Carex rostrata- Calliergonspp. mire", "M13 Schoenus nigricans-Juncus subnodulosus mire", "M14 Schoenusnigricans-Narthecium ossifragum mire", "M24 Molinia caerulea-Cirsium dissectum fenInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 86

meadow", "SD14 Salix repens-Campylium stellatum dune slack" and "SD 15 Salixrepens-Calliergon cuspidatum dune slack".German classification: "3804 Schneidenröhricht".Nordic classification: "3441a Cladium mariscus-variant".4) In contact with calcareous fens (7230), but also with acid fens, extensive wet meadows, other reedbeds and tall sedge communities.5) Sterner, R. (1926). Ölands växtvärld. Södra Kalmar län III. Hjalmar Appeltoffts Bokhandel,Kalmar, 237 pp.7220 * Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)PAL.CLASS.: 54.121) Hard water springs with active formation of travertine or tufa. These formations are found in suchdiverse environments as forests or open countryside. They are generally small (point or linearformations) and dominated by bryophytes (Cratoneurion commutati).2) Plants: Arabis soyeri, Cochlearia pyrenaica (in sites with heavy metals), Pinguicula vulgaris,Saxifraga aizoides. Mosses: Catoscopium nigritum, Cratoneuron commutatum, C. commutatum var.falcatum, C. filicinum, Eucladium verticillatum, Gymnostomum recurvirostrum. In the Boreal regionalso Carex appropinquata, Epilobium davuricum, Juncus triglumis, Drepanocladus vernicosus,Philonotis calcarea, Scorpidium revolvens, S.cossoni, Cratoneuron decipiens, Bryumpseudotriquetum.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "M37 Cratoneuron commutatum-Festuca rubra spring community"and "M38 Cratoneuron commutatum-Carex nigra spring community".German classification: "220102 kalkreiche Sicker- und Sumpfquelle", "220302 kalkreicheSturzquelle", "220402 kalkreiche, temporäre Sicker- und Stumpfquelle", "220502 kalkreiche,temporäre Sturzquelle".Nordic classification: "3521 Philonotis-typ" and "3522 Cratoneuron-typ".4) Can form complexes with transition mires, fens, chasmophytic communities of cold and humidenvironments and heaths and calcareous grassland (Festuco-Brometalia).In order to preserve this habitat of very limited expanse in the field, it is essential to preserve itssurroundings and the whole hydrological system concerned.5) Malmer, N. (1971). Förslag till riktlinjer för en enhetlig klassificering av myrvegetation i Norden.In: IBP i Norden 7. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp. 45-58.7230 Alkaline fensPAL.CLASS.: 54.21) Wetlands mostly or largely occupied by peat- or tufa-producing small sedge and brown mosscommunities developed on soils permanently waterlogged, with a soligenous or topogenous baserich,often calcareous water supply, and with the water table at, or slightly above or below, thesubstratum. Peat formation, when it occurs, is infra-aquatic. Calciphile small sedges and otherCyperaceae usually dominate the mire communities, which belong to the Caricion davallianae,characterised by a usually prominent "brown moss" carpet formed by Campylium stellatum,Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 87

Drepanocladus intermedius, D. revolvens, Cratoneuron commutatum, Acrocladium cuspidatum,Ctenidium molluscum, Fissidens adianthoides, Bryum pseudotriquetrum and others, a grasslikegrowth of Schoenus nigricans, S. ferrugineus, Eriophorum latifolium, Carex davalliana, C. flava,C. lepidocarpa, C. hostiana, C. panicea, Juncus subnodulosus, Scirpus cespitosus, Eleocharisquinqueflora, and a very rich herbaceous flora including Tofieldia calyculata, Dactylorhizaincarnata, D. traunsteineri, D. traunsteinerioides, D. russowii, D. majalis ssp.brevifolia, D.cruenta, #Liparis loeselii, Herminium monorchis, Epipactis palustris, Pinguicula vulgaris,Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum, Primula farinosa, Swertia perennis. Wet grasslands (Molinietaliacaerulaea, e.g. Juncetum subnodulosi & Cirsietum rivularis, 37), tall sedge beds (Magnocaricion,53.2), reed formations (Phragmition, 53.1), fen sedge beds (Cladietum mariscae, 53.3), may formpart of the fen system, with communities related to transition mires (54.5, 54.6) and amphibious oraquatic vegetation (22.3, 22.4) or spring communities (54.1) developing in depressions. The subunitsbelow, which can, alone or in combination, and together with codes selected from thecategories just mentioned, describe the composition of the fen, are understood to include the mirecommunities sensu stricto (Caricion davallianae), their transition to the Molinion, and assemblagesthat, although they may be phytosociologically referable to alkaline Molinion associations, containa large representation of the Caricion davallianae species listed, in addition to being integrated inthe fen system; this somewhat parallels the definition of an integrated class Molinio-Caricetaliadavallianae in Rameau et al., 1989. Outside of rich fen systems, fen communities can occur assmall areas in dune slack systems (16.3), in transition mires (54.5), in wet grasslands (37), on tufacones (54.121) and in a few other situations. The codes below can be used, in conjunction with therelevant principal code, to signal their presence. Rich fens are exceptionally endowed withspectacular, specialised, strictly restricted species. They are among the habitats that haveundergone the most serious decline. They are essentially extinct in several regions and gravelyendangered in most.2) Plants: Schoenus nigricans, S. ferrugineus, Carex spp., Eriophorum latifolium, Cinclidium stygium,Tomentypnum nitens.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 34 Rikkärrvegetation-typ", "352 Rik källkärrvegetation".5) Sjörs, H. (1948). Myrvegetation i Bergslagen. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 21:1-299.7240 * Alpine pioneer formations of Caricionbicoloris-atrofuscaePAL.CLASS.: 54.31) Alpine, peri-Alpine and northern British communities colonising neutral to slightly acid gravely,sandy, stony, sometimes somewhat argilous or peaty substrates soaked by cold water, in moraines andon edges of springs, rivulets, glacial torrents of the alpine or sub-alpine levels, or on alluvial sands ofpure, cold, slow-flowing rivers and calm backwaters. A permanent or continuous soil frost over a longperiod is essential for the existence of this habitat type. Low vegetation composed principally ofspecies of Carex and Juncus (Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae).2) Plants: Carex atrofusca, C. bicolor, C. maritima, C. microglochin, C. vaginata, Juncusalpinoarticulatus, J. arcticus, J. castaneus, J. triglumis, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Typha lugdunensis,T. minima, T. shuttleworthii, Tofieldia pusilla.Animals: #Vertigo geyeri, #V. genesii.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "6402 Alpine Scwemmböden mit niedriger Vegetation".Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 88

Corresponding category of the Nordic vegetation types: "3422 Carex atrofusca-Drepanocladusrevolvens-typ" and "3423 Carex saxatilis-Drepanocladus revolvens-typ".4) Associated with humid meadows managed extensively, but also with communities of Cariciondavallianae.5) Persson, Å. (1965). Mountain mires. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 50:249-256.Boreal mires7310 * Aapa miresPAL.CLASS.: 54.81) Mire complexes in southern, middle and northern boreal zones characterised by minerotrophic fenvegetation in the central parts of the complexes. Hydro-topographical mire-units are: mixed mires,string-fens, flark-fens, unraised Sphagum fuscum-bogs, unpatterned topogenous or soligenouslawn-, carpet or mud-bottom fens. Poor Sphagum fens are the most common vegetation typeswhilst brown moss fens can be common in some regions. In prealpine areas in Sweden and in hillregions of Kainuu and Kuusamo in eastern Finland, sloping fens (>5 grades) are typical variants ofaapa mires. They occur rarely also in the Suomenselkä water divide region in western Finland aswell in Lapland. In the mire margins, pine mires and spruce swamps and mires on thin peat ofdifferent types dominate. In some limited areas with calcareous bedrock rich fens dominate in thecomplexes.2) Plants: Chamaedaphne calyculata, Empetrum nigrum (s.lato), Betula nana, Thricophorumcespitosum, Eriophorum vaginatum, E. russeolum, Carex rostrata, C. lasiocarpa, C. rotundata, C.chordorriza, C. livida, Scheuchzeria palustris, Molinia caerulea, Rubus chamaemorus, Saxifragahirculus, Dactylorhiza incarnata; Mosses- Sphagnum papillosum, S. jensenii, S. lindbergii, S.majus, S. aongstroemii, S. subsecundum, S. subfulvum, S. pulchrum, Warnstorfia exannulata(Drepanocladus exannulatus), Limprichtia revolvens (Drepanocladus revolvens), Drepanocladus(s.lato) spp., Scorpidium scorpioides.Animals: Butterflies - Pyrgus centaureae, Erebia disa; Moths: Syngrapha diasema, Apameamaillardi, Nola karelica, Hypoxyxtis pluviaria.5) Eurola, S., Hicks, S. & Kaakinen, E. (1984). Key to Finnish mire types. In: Moore, P.D. (ed).European mires, 11-117. Academic Press, London.Ruuhijärvi, R. (1983). The Finnish mire types and their regional distribution. In: Gore, A.J.P.(ed.). Ecosystems of the world. 4B. Mires: Swamp, bog, fen and moor. Regional studies, 47-97.Elsevier, Amsterdam.7320 * Palsa miresPAL.CLASS.: 54.91) Mire complexes in the northern boreal, orohemiarctic and alpine regions, where the climate isslightly continental and the mean annual temperature is below -1°. The mires are mainlyminerotrophic, excluding the palsas, which are peat mounds with sporadic permafrost. The palsasare usually 2-4 metres high, but up to 7 metres high palsas have been found in Finland and Sweden.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 89

2) Plants: Eriophorum russeolum, Carex rotundata, C. saxatilis, Empetrum nigrum ssp.hermaphroditum, Ledum palustre, Betula nana, Vaccinium microcarpum; Mosses- Dicranumelongatum; Lichens: Ochrolechia spp., Cladonia spp., Cladina spp.5) Eurola, S., Hicks, S. & Kaakinen, E. (1984). Key to Finnish mire types. In: Moore, P.D. (ed).European mires, 11-117. Academic Press, London.Ruuhijärvi, R. (1983). The Finnish mire types and their regional distribution. In: Gore, A.J.P.(ed.). Ecosystems of the world. 4B. Mires: Swamp, bog, fen and moor. Regional studies, 47-97.Elsevier, Amsterdam.ScreeROCKY HABITATS AND CAVES8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels(Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsetalia ladani)PAL.CLASS.: 61.11) This habitat consist of:a) communities of siliceous scree of the upper montane level to the permanent snow level, growing onmore or less moving "cryoclastic systems" with variable granulometry and belonging to the orderAndrosacetalia alpinae.b) vegetation of the montane level of the west and centre of Europe growing on screes sometimes ofartificial origin (extraction of materials). It consists of alpine communities often rich in bryophytes,lichens and sometimes in ferns (Cryptogramma crispa), belonging to the order Galeopsietalia.2) Plants: a) Androsacetalia alpinae: Androsacae alpina, Achillea nana, Oxyria digyna, Geum reptans,Saxifraga bryoides, Ranunculus glacialis, Linaria alpina, Cerastium uniflorum, Doronicum clusii, D.grandiflorum, Poa laxa, Viola valderia, Luzula alpinopilosa, Cryptogramma crispa; Veronicabaumgartenii, Saxifraga carpatica, Senecio carniolicus, Poa contracta, Festuca picta, Saxifragapedemontana ssp. cymosa, Silene acaulis, Androsace chamaejasme b) Galeopsietalia ladani: Galeopsisladanum ssp. ladanum, Anarrhinum bellidiflorum, Cryptogramma crispa, Athyrium alpestre (A..distentifolium).3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "U21 Cryptogramma crispa-Deschampsia flexuosa community" and"U18 Cryptogramma crispa-Athyrium distentifolium snow bed".German classification: "6304 Silikatschutthalde der Alpen".Nordic classification: "1251a Cryptogramma crispa-variant", "7141 Veronica fruticans -typ" and"7142 Veronica fruticans-Juniperus communis -typ".4) This habitat is generally in close association with the chasmophytic vegetation on siliceous rockyslopes (8220). In Ireland and the United Kingdom, sites sheltering rare arctic-alpine plants (post glacialremnants) have a high conservation value.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 90

5) Bringer, K.-G. (1965). Plant cover of the alpine regions. Chionophobous plant communities. ActaPhytogeogr. Suec. 50:257-262.Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X).8120 Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels(Thlaspietea rotundifolii)PAL.CLASS.: 61.21) Calcshist, calcareous, or marl screes of the montane to alpine levels under cold climates, with theassociations respectively of Drabion hoppeanae, Thlaspion rotundifolii , Petasition paradoxi.2) Plants: Drabion hoppeanae (calcschist screes) : Draba hoppeana, Artemisia genipi, Campanulacenisia, Saxifraga biflora, Herniaria alpina, Trisetum spicatum ssp. ovatipaniculatum; Thlaspionrotundifolii (calcareous scree): Thlaspi rotundifolium, Hutchinsia alpina, Papaver rhaeticum,Galium villarsi, Berardia subacaulis, Viola cenisia, Arabis alpina; Acinos alpinus, Cerastiumarvense ssp. calcicolum, Saxifraga moschata, Cardaminopsis neglecta, Papaver corona-sanctistephani,Rumex scutatus, Doronicum carpaticum, Cerastium lerchenfeldianum, C.transsilvanicum, Galium anisophyllon, Thymus comosus. Petasition paradoxi (marl screes):Morina persica, Sideritis scardica Petasites paradoxus, Gypsophila repens, Valeriana montana,Leontodon hyoseroides.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "OV38 - Gymnocarpium robertianum-Arrhenatherum elatiuscommunity".German classification: "6302 Kalkschutthalde der Alpen".Nordic classification: "7143 Arenaria norvegica-typ".4) In Ireland and United Kingdom preference should be given to sites sheltering rare arctic-alpine plants(post glacial remnants).5) Bringer, K.-G. (1965). Plant cover of the alpine regions. Chionophobous plant communities. ActaPhytogeogr. Suec. 50:257-262.Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X).8130 Western Mediterranean and thermophilous screePAL.CLASS.: 61.31) Screes of warm exposures in the Alps and the Pyrenees, of calcareous substrates in the Pyrenees, ofMediterranean mountains, hills and lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle European uplandor lowland sites. The vegetation belongs to the Androsacetalia alpinae p., Thlaspietalia rotundifoliip., Stipetalia calamagrostis and Polystichetalia lonchitis orders.Sub-types :61.31 - Peri-Alpine thermophilous screes. Stipion calamagrostidis, Leontodontion hyoseroidis.Mostly coarse, unstabilized, sunny calcareous screes of the montane and sub-alpine levels of theAlps and of the uplands and lowlands of western and central middle Europe.61.32 - Provençal screes. Pimpinello-Gouffeion.Screes of Mediterranean southern France, with Gouffeia arenarioides, Ptychotis heterophylla,Linaria supina, Centranthus ruber, Crucianella latifolia.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 91

61.33 - Pyreneo-Alpine thermo-siliceous screes. Senecion leucophyllae, Taraxacion pyrenaici.Siliceous screes of warm slopes of the sub-alpine level of the Alps and of the alpine and subalpinelevels of the Pyrenees, usually composed largely of big stones or boulders, with Senecioleucophyllus, Taraxacum pyrenaicum, Galeopsis pyrenaica, Xatartia scabra, Armeria alpina.61.34 - Pyrenean calcareous screes. Iberidion spathulatae.Calcareous screes of the Pyrenees.61.35 - Oro-Cantabrian calcareous screes. Linarion filicaulis, Saxifragion praetermissae.Basiphile screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica.61.36 - Oro-Cantabrian siliceous screes. Linarion filicaulis p., Linario-Senecion carpetani p.Siliceous screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica; floristically rich formations of the "dark" screes ofthe Cordillera are related to those of 61.351, though somewhat intermediate towards 61.38;other more species-poor ones, characterised by Trisetum hispidum and Rumex suffruticosus,belong to the latter.61.37 - Iberian fern screes. Dryopteridion oreadis, Dryopteridion submontanae.Fern-dominated chaotic, boulder fields of siliceous and calcareous Iberian mountains.61.38 - Carpetano-Iberian siliceous screes. Linario-Senecion carpetani.Screes of the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Leonese mountains, with Linariasaxatilis, L. alpina, Digitalis purpurea var. carpetana, Senecio pyrenaicus ssp. carpetanus,Rumex suffruticosus, Santolina oblongifolia, Conopodium butinioides, Reseda gredensis.61.39 - Nevadan siliceous screes. Holcion caespitosae.Siliceous screes of the high levels of the Sierra Nevada, very rich in endemics.61.3A - Southern Iberian calcareous screes. Platycapno-Iberidion granatensis, ScrophularionsciaphilaeScrees of the calcareous Baetic mountains of southern and south-eastern Iberia.61.3B - Central Mediterranean screesScrees of the Italian peninsula and of the large Mediterranean islands.2) Plants: 61.31 - Achnatherum calamagrostis, Galeopsis angustifolia, Gymnocarpium robertianum,Lentodon hyoseroides, Sisymbrium supinum, Linaria supina; 61.32 - Gouffeiaarenarioides,Ptychotis heterophylla, Centranthus ruber, Crucianella latifolia; 61.33 - Senecioleucophyllus, Taraxacum pyrenaicum, Xatartia scabra, Armeria alpina; 61.34 - Iberis spathulata,Papaver suaveolens, Galium cometerhizon, Plantago monosperma, Viola lapeyrousiana,Campanula jaubertiana, Crepis pygmaea, Doronicum grandiflorum, Campanula cochleariaefolia,Carduus carlinoides, Galium cespitosum, Festuca glacialis, Androsace ciliata, Saxifragaoppositifolia, Hutchinsia alpina, Galium pyrenaicum, Minuartia cerastiifolia, Saxifragapraetermissa, S. aizoides, Epilobium anagallidifolium, Veronica alpina, Taraxacum alpinum,Crepis pygmaea; 64.35 - Linaria filicaulis, Arabis cantabrica, Iberis lereschiana, Ranunculusparnassifolius ssp. favargeri, Crepis pygmaea, Iberis aperta, Rumex scutatus, Epilobiumanagallidifolium, Doronicum grandiflorum ssp. braunblanquetii, Campanula arvatica, Saxifragapraetermissa, Arabis cantabrica, Ranunculus alpestris ssp. leroyi, Salix breviserrata, Galiumpyrenaicum; 61.38 - Linaria saxatilis, L. alpina, Digitalis purpurea var. carpetana, Seneciopyrenaicus ssp. carpetanus, Rumex suffruticosus, Santolina oblongifolia, Conopodium butinioides,Reseda gredensis; 61.39 - Senecio tournefortii var. granatensis, Digitalis purpurea var. nevadensis,Cirsium gregarium, Solidago virgaurea var. alpestris, Holcus caespitosus, Crepis oporinoides,Eryngium glaciale, Linaria aeruginea var. nevadensis, Viola crassiuscula, Linaria glacialis,Rhynchosinapis cheiranthos ssp. nevadensis,Ranunculus glacialis, R. parnassifolius, Saxifragaoppositifolia, Papaver suaveolens, Holcus caespitosus, Crepis oporinoides.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 92

8140 Eastern Mediterranean screesPAL.CLASS.: 61.41) Screes of the high Greek mountains with vegetation of the order Drypetalia spinosae.Sub-types :61.41 - Greek limestone screes. Drypion spinosae (Silenion caesiae).Formations of the higher mountains of Greece (Pindus, Olympus, Parnassus, Giona, Taygetos,Kilini), with Drypis spinosa, Ranunculus brevifolius, Senecio thapsoides, Aethionema saxatile.61.42 - Greek serpentine screes. Campanulion hawkinsonianae.Less widespread formations restricted to serpentines of the Pindus, with Campanulahawkinsoniana, Arenaria serpentini, Cardamine glauca, Viola magellensis, Alyssum scardicum,Silene haussknechtii.2) Plants: 61.41 - Drypis spinosa, Ranunculus brevifolius, Senecio thapsoides, Aethionema saxatile;61.42 - Campanula hawkinsoniana, Arenaria serpentini, Cardamine glauca, Viola magellensis,Alyssum scardicum, Silene haussknechtii.8150 Medio-European upland siliceous screesPAL.CLASS.: 61.121) Siliceous screes of hills of western and central Europe, with Epilobium collinum, Galeopsissegetum, Senecio viscosus, Anarrhinum bellidifolium, Cryptogramma crispa. Upland siliceousscrees, often resulting from quarry activity, and colonised by very impoverished forms of theAlpine communities, usually rich in mosses, lichens and sometimes ferns, notably Cryptogrammacrispa, are included, but should not be taken into account.2) Plants: Epilobium collinum, Galeopsis segetum, Senecio viscosus, Anarrhinum bellidifolium,Cryptogramma crispa8160 * Medio-European calcareous scree of hill and montanelevelsPAL.CLASS.: 61.3131) Calcareous or marly screes of the hill and montane levels extending into mountainous regions(subalpine and alpine), often in dry, warm stations in associations with Stipetalia calamagrostis.This habitat type should be clearly distinguished from 8130 - Western Mediterranean andthermophilous scree, a non-priority Annex I habitat type.2) Plants: Achnatherum calamagrostis, Dryopteris robertiana (=Gymnocarpium robertianum),Galeopsis angustifolia, Petasites paradoxus, Rumex scutatus.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "320401 natürliche Schutthalde aus Karbonatgestein".Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 93

Rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetationPAL.CLASS.: 62.11) Vegetation of fissures of limestone cliffs, in the mediterranean region and in the euro-siberian plain toalpine levels, belonging essentially to the Potentilletalia caulescentis and Asplenietalia glandulosiorders. Two levels may be identified: a) thermo- and meso-Mediterranean (Onosmetalia frutescentis)with Campanula versicolor, C. rupestris, Inula attica, I. mixta, Odontites luskii; b) montane and oro-Mediterranean (Potentilletalia speciosae, including Silenion aurticulatae, Galion degenii andRamondion nathaliae). This habitat type presents a great regional diversity, with many endemic plantspecies (indicated under point 2).2) Plants:62.11 - Western Mediterranean communities (Asplenion petrarchae): Asplenium petrarchae,Asplenium trichomanes ssp. pachyrachis, Cheilanthes acrostica, Melica minuta, Hieraciumstelligerum, Erodium petraeum; Mesothermic shady fern groups of the supra-Mediterranean level(Polypodion australis): Polypodium cambricum ssp. australe, Saxifraga corbariensis, #Aspleniumjahandiezii, Asplenium sagittatum, Pteris cretica, Asplenium trichomanes ssp. inexpectans.62.12 - Central Pyrenean communities (Saxifragion mediae): Asperula hirta, +Androsace cylindrica,Asplenium celtibericum, Saxifraga media, S. longifolia, S. aretioides, Potentilla alchimilloides, P.nivalis, Ramonda myconi, Ptilotrichum pyrenaicum.62.13 - Liguro-Apennine cliffs communities (Saxifragion lingulatae): Saxifraga callosae ssp. lingulata,Primula marginata, P. allionii, Phyteuma cordatum, Ballota frutescens, Potentilla saxifraga, Silenecampanula, Phyteuma charmelii.62.14 - Southern Italian communities (Dianthion rupicolae): #Dianthus rupicola, Antirrhinum siculum,Cymbalaria pubescens, Scabiosa limonifolia.62.15 and 62.1B - Euro-Siberian communities and Mediterranean communities of the supra to oro-Mediterranean levels (Potentilletalia caulescentis):-shady communities : Cystopteris fragilis, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium viride, Campanulacarpatica, Saxifraga cuneifolia,Valeriana sambucifolia-xerophilous communities : Ceterach officinarum, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Draba aizoides, Kernerasaxatilis, Biscutella laevigata.-alpine level communities : Androsace helvetica, Minuartia rupestris, Draba tomentosa, Drabakotschyi,Artemisia eriantha, Gypsophila petraea, Saxifraga moschata, S. marginata ssp.rocheliana, S. mutata spp. demissa, Thymus pulcherrimus, Achillea schurii, Campanulacochleariifolia, Gypsophila petraea-Centre and Southern Italian communities (Saxifragion australis): Saxifraga australis, Potentillanebrodensis, Campanula tanfanii, Trisetum bertolonii.62.16, 62.17, 62.18, 62.19 and 62.1A - - Illyrio-Helleno-Balkanic and Southern Italian calcareous cliffcommunities (Campanulion versicoloris, Cirsietalia chamaepeucis, Silenion auriculatae, Ramondionnathaliae, Micromerion pulegii).62.1C - Boreal communities with Asplenium viride, Woodsia glabella.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "320101 natürlicher Karbonatfels (Kalk, Dolomit)".Nordic classification: "712 Klippvegetation på rika/kalkbergarter".4) This habitat constitutes mosaics with Xerobrometea communities (34.1, 34.31-34.34), screes (61) andlimestone pavements (62.4).Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 94

In Ireland and the United Kingdom: sites sheltering relict arctic-alpine flora and important bryophyteand/or lichen assemblages.5) Brullo S. &Marceno C. (1979). Dianthion rupicolae nouvelle alliance sud-Tyrienne des Asplenietaliaglandulosi. Doc. Phytosoc., N.S. 6: 131-146.Biondi E. & Ballelli (1982). La végétation des gorges calcaires des Apennins de l'Ombrie et desMarches. Guide-itinéraire Exc. Int. Phytosoc. en Italie centrale (2-11/7/1982): 189-201.Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X).Karlsson, L. (1973). Autecology of cliff and scree plants in Sarek National Park, northern Sweden.Växtekol. Stud. 4:1-203.Söyrinki, N. & Saari, V. (1980). Die Flora von Oulanka Nationalpark, Nordfinnland. Acta Flor.Fennica 154.8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetationPAL.CLASS.: 62.21) Vegetation of fissures of siliceous inland cliffs, which presents many regional sub-types, describedunder point 2.2) Plants: 62.21 - Alpine siliceous cliff vegetation (Pyrenees and Alps) and of Hercynian system and itsperiphery (Androsacion vandellii): Androsace vandellii, Saxifraga retusa ssp. retusa, S. aspera,Phyteuma scheuchzeri, Primula hirsuta, Eritrichium nanum; Communities of montane level ofPyrenees and Cevennes (Asarinion procumbentis: includes 62.26): Asarina procumbens, Dianthusgraniticus, Saxifraga continentalis, S. prostii, Anarrhinum bellidifolium; Saxicolous communities ofthe plain to hill levels under Middle European climate (Asplenion septentrionalis) and communities ofthe plain level under oceanic climate (Asplenion billotii-Umbilicarion rupestre: 62.29 is included):Asplenium septentrionale, A. adiantum-nigrum, A. billotii, A. foreziense, A. onopteris. - Hercynianserpentine cliffs (Asplenion cuneifolii): Asplenium cuneifolium, A. alternifolium, A. adulterinum.62.22 - high altitude siliceous cliff vegetation of Iberian mountains: - Central Iberian mountains(Saxifragion willkommianae): Saxifraga willkommiana, S. orogredensis, Murbeckiella boryi; - SierraNevada (Saxifragion nevadensis): Saxifraga nevadensis.62.23 - South-western Alpine siliceous cliff vegetation (Saxifragion pedemontanae): Saxifragapedemontana, #S. florulenta, Galium tendae, Sempervivum montanum ssp. burnatii, Jovibarba allionii.62.24 - Cyrno-Sardian siliceous montane cliff vegetation (Potentillion crassinerviae): Potentillacrassinervia, Armeria leucocephala, Silene requientii, Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cervicornis.62.25 - Helleno-Carpatho-Balkanic siliceous cliff vegetation (Silenion lerchenfeldianae): Silenelerchenfeldiana. Silene dinarica, Senecio glaberrimus, Jovibarba heuffelii, Veronica bachofenii,Potentilla haynaldiana Saxifraga juniperifolia ssp. juniperifolia (Saxifraga pseudosancta),Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa, Rhodiola rosea (Sedum rosea), Dianthus henteri, Minuartiabulgarica, Haberlea rhodopensis, Symphyandra wanneri, Carex kitaibeliana (Carex laevis)..62.26 - see 62.2162.27 - Western Iberian siliceous cliff vegetation of the submontane level (Cheilanthion hispanicae):Cheilanthes hispanica, C. tinaei.62.28 - Provenço-Iberian siliceous cliff vegetation on rock faces rich in basic silicates (basalts andperidots), of the thermo to meso-Mediterranean levels (Phagnalo saxatilis-Cheilanthion maderensis):Cheilanthes maderensis, C. marantae, C. vellaea, Asplenium balearicum.62.29 : see 62.21.62.2A - Boreal siliceous cliffs (rapakivi cliffs).3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "320102 natürlicher Silikatfels (ohne Serpentinit)", "320103 natürlicherSerpentinitfels".Nordic classification: "711 Klippvegetation på fattiga bergarter", "713 Klippvegetation påserpentinbergarter.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 95

4) This habitat type is found in close association with siliceous scree (8110) and pioneer grassland (8230).In Ireland and the United Kingdom: sites sheltering relict arctic-alpine flora and important bryophyteand/or lichen assemblages.5) Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X).Jalas, J. (1961). Regionale Züge in der Felsenvegetation und flora Ostfennoscandiens. Arch. Soc.Vanamo, 16 Suppl.:38-49.Kallio, P. (1954). Züge aus der flora un vegetation der rapakivifelsen im sudöstlichen teil desrapakivigebietes von Laitila in Südwestfinnland. Ann. Univ. Turkuensis A XVII:1-64.8230 Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicion dilleniiPAL.CLASS.: 62.421) Pioneer communities of the Sedo-Scleranthion or the Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii alliances, colonisingsuperficial soils of siliceous rock surfaces.As a consequence of drought, this open vegetation is characterised by mosses, lichens and Crassulacea.2) Plants: Sedo-Scleranthion: Sempervivum arachnoideum, Sempervivum montanum, Sedum annuum,Silene rupestris, Veronica fruticans; Sedo albi-Veronicion dillenii: Veronica verna, Veronica dillenii,Gagea bohemica, Gagea saxatiles, Riccia ciliifera; Plant species belonging to the two syntaxa: Alliummontanum, Sedum acre, Sedum album, Sedum reflexum, Sedum sexangulare, Scleranthus perennis,Rumex acetosella. Mosses- Polytrichum piliferum, Ceratodon purpureus.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification : "320102 natürlicher Silikatfels (ohne Serpentinit) (lückige Vegetation, P002)".Nordic classification : partly "711 Klippvegetation på fattiga bergarter" and "5211 Sedum spp.-Viola tricolor-Aira praecox-typ".4) This habitat is associated with the 8220 type, and corresponds to the vegetation colonising siliceousrocks. The vegetation colonising calcareous rocks is included under 6110 " Rupicolous calcareous orbasophilic grasslands of the Alysso-Sedion albi)" and 8240 "Limestone pavements.5) Hallberg, H. P. & Ivarsson, R. (1965). Vegetation of coastal Bohuslän. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec.50:111-122.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 96

8240 * Limestone pavementsPAL.CLASS.: 62.31) Regular blocks of limestone known as "clints" with loose flags separated by a network of verticalfissures known as "grykes" or "shattered pavements", containing more loose limestone rubble. Therock surface is almost devoid of overlying soils (considerably less than 50% cover) except for somepatches of shallow skeletal or loessic soils, although more extensive areas of deeper soil occasionallyoccur; sometimes there is encroachment of peat. This morphology offers a variety of microclimatesallowing the establishment of complex vegetation consisting of a mosaic of different communities.The fissures provide a cold humid microclimate where shade-tolerant vascular plants such asGeranium robertianum and Ceterach officinale occur, as well as formations of herbaceous speciestypical of calcareous woodland; the small pockets of soil are occupied by communities ofMesobromion (e.g. Seslerio-Mesobromenion); heath and scrub also occur (e.g. Corylo-Fraxinetum).Apart from areas of species rich scrub (generally Prunetalia spinosae), the ecosystem is maintainedby grazing in some regions; this, combined with severe winds, means that isolated shrubs can onlysurvive in prostrate growth form (e.g. Dryas octopetala); at the margins of ungrazed sites Geraniumsanguineum occurs.In Sweden, limestone blocks are larger and cracks are smaller. The species composition reflects amore continental, dryer and cooler climate. The pavements are mostly exposed with scatteredcushions of bryophytes, more seldom covered by a thin layer of soil. The surface is covered by Sedumalbum, Cerastium pumilum, C. semidecandrum, lichens (Aspicilia calcarea, Thamnolia vermicularis,Verrucaria nigrescens) and bryophytes (Tortella tortuosa, Grimmia pulvinata). The vegetation in thecracks contains Gymnocarpium robertianum, Asplenium ruta-muraria, A. trichomanes ssp.quadrivalens and, occasionally, bushes of Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior, Cotoneaster spp., Rosaspp.Some sites in Ireland host an open Taxus-Juniperus scrub of major interest; certain arctic alpinespecies such as Gentiana verna and Dryas octopetala are characteristic and in The Burren, thesespecies occur with Atlantic-Mediterranean species such as Neotinea maculata.2) Plants: Britain and Ireland - Asplenium spp., Ceterach officinale, Cystopteris fragilis, Dryasoctopetala, Dryopteris villarii, Epipactis atrorubens, Gentiana verna, Polygonatum odoratum, Ribesspicatum. Sweden - Sedum album, Cerastium pumilum, C. semidecandrum, Aspicilia calcarea,Thamnolia vermicularis, Verrucaria nigrescens, Tortella tortuosa, Grimmia pulvinata,Gymnocarpium robertianum, Asplenium ruta-muraria, A. trichomanes ssp. quadrivalens.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "W8 Fraxinus excelsior-Acer campestre-Mercurialis perenniswoodland" and "W9 Fraxinus excelsior-Sorbus aucuparia-Mercurialis perennis woodland".Very locally in the United Kingdom, ancient woodland containing Tilia cordata occurs whichis of great conservation importance.Nordic classification: "5151b Asplenium ruta-muraria-Asplenium trichomanes-Homalotheciumsericeum-variant" variant of "5151 Sedum album-Tortella spp. typ".5) Bobe, B. (1991). Gefässpflanzenvegetation und Mikroklima der Karstspalten des Grossen Alvarsauf Öland, Schweden. Unpubl. diploma work, München.Etherington, J.R. (1981). Limestone heaths in south-west Britain: their soils and the maintenance oftheir calcicole-calcifuge mixtures.Kelly, D. & Kirby, E.N. (1982). Irish native woodlands over limestone. J, Life Sci. R. Dubl. Soc. 3,181-198.O' Sullivan, A.M. (1982). The lowland grasslands of Ireland. J. Life Sci. R. Dubl. Soc. 3, 131-142.Ward,S.D. & Evans,D.F.(1976).Conservation assessment of British limestone pavements basedupon floristic criteria. Biological Conservation, 9, 217-233.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 97

Other rocky habitats8310 Caves not open to the publicPAL.CLASS.: 651) Caves not open to the public, including their water bodies and streams, hosting specialised or highendemic species, or that are of paramount importance for the conservation of Annex II species (e.g.bats, amphibians).2) Plants: mosses only (e.g. Schistostega pennata) and algal carpets at the entry of caves.Animals: Very specialised and highly endemic cavernicolous fauna. It includes underground relicforms of a fauna which has been diversified outside. This fauna is mainly composed of invertebrateswhich exclusively live in caves and underground waters. The cavernicolous terrestrial invertebrates aremainly coleoptera, belonging to the Bathysciinae and Trechinae families in particular, which arecarnivorous and have a very limited distribution. Cavernicolous aquatic invertebrates constitute ahighly endemic fauna, dominated by crustaceans (Isopoda, Amphipoda, Syncarida, Copepoda) andinclude many living fossils. Aquatic molluscs, belonging to the Hydrobiidae family are also found.With regard to vertebrates, caves constitute hibernation sites for most European bat species, amongwhich many are threatened (see Annex II). Several species can live together in the same cave.Caves also shelter some very rare amphibious species like #Proteus anguinus and several species of the#Speleomantes genus.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "3101 natürliche Höhlen und Balmen", "310201 Balme (Halbhöhle) bzw.Eingangsbereich mit Tageslichteinfluß", "310202 natürliche Höhle (Bereiche ohneTageslichteifluß).5) De Broyer C. Vers la conservation intégrée des habitats souterrains. Naturopa, nouvelles del'environnement n° 94-5. Conseil de l'Europe, 1-4.8320 Fields of lava and natural excavationsPAL.CLASS.: 66.1 to 66.61) Sites and products of recent volcanic activity harbouring distinct biological communities.Sub-types :66.1 - Teide violet community. Violetea cheiranthifoliae.Very open formation of the summit of the Teide volcano of Tenerife, above (2700) 3000 metres,with Viola cheiranthifolia and a few individuals of Silene nocteolens and Argyranthemumteneriffae.66.2 - Etna summital communitiesCommunities of Mount Etna, above the limit of hedgehog heaths.66.3 - Barren lava fieldsAlmost bare lava formations of other volcanoes, and of lower altitudes on Etna and Teide,colonised by, besides communities related to ones covered in other sections, lichens (e.g.Stereocaulon vesubianum) and invertebrates.66.4 - Volcanic ash and lapilli fields66.5 - Lava tubesInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 98

Caves formed by hollow basaltic tubes resulting from the cooling of the surface of lava flowswhose molten interior continued to flow. The very large tube created by the volcano La Coronaof Lanzarote harbours unique communities of invertebrates, in particular, the decapodecrustacean Munidopsis polymorpha, endemic to that locality, and several crustaceans of thegenus Speleonectes.66.6 - FumarolesOrifices in volcanic areas through which escape hot gases and vapours. Their very extremeenvironment is colonised by paucispecific but highly distinct communities.2) Plants: Viola cheiranthifolia, Silene nocteolens, Argyranthemum teneriffae; Lichens: Stereocaulonvesubianum.Animals: crustaceans: Munidopsis polymorpha, Speleonectes spp.8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea cavesPAL.CLASS.: 12.7, 11.26, 11.2941) Caves situated under the sea or opened to it, at least at high tide, including partially submerged seacaves. Their bottom and sides harbour communities of marine invertebrates and algae.8340 Permanent glaciersPAL.CLASS.: 63.2 and 63.31) Rock and true glaciers.FORESTS(Sub)natural woodland vegetation comprising native species forming forests of tall trees,with typical undergrowth, and meeting the following criteria: rare or residual, and / orhosting species of Community interest 20Forests of Boreal Europe9010 * Western TaïgaPAL.CLASS.: 41.B8, 41.C3, 41.D5, 42.C20For forest habitat types the following additional criteria were accepted by the Scientific Working Group (21-22 June1993):- forests of native species;- forests with a high degree of naturalness;- forests of tall trees and high forest;- presence of old and dead trees;- forests with a substantial area;- forests having benefited from continuous sustainable management over a significant period.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 99

1) Natural old forests as well as those young forest stages naturally developing after fire. Natural oldforests represent climax or late succession stages with slight human impact or without any humanimpact. Present natural old forests are only minor remnants of those originally occurring inFennoscandia. With intensive forestry, which is carried out practically throughout this region, themain features of natural old forests disappear, i.e. the considerable amount of dead and rottenwood, the great variation in tree age and length and species composition, the trees from previousgenerations, the more stable microclimate. Old natural forests are habitats of many threatenedspecies, especially bryophytes, lichens, fungi, and invertebrates (mostly beetles). Some of thepresent old natural forests have human impact, but in spite of that they maintain manycharacteristics of the natural forests.Because of the important role of fire, burned forest areas, and their young succession stages, havebeen naturally common in the boreal region. Nowadays they are extremely rare because of efficientfire protection and forestry. Natural recently burned forest areas are very important habitats formany endangered species. Typical of natural burned areas is a great amount of dead burned woodand a varying density of living trees which greatly conditions the regeneration of the forest.The character of the forests vary with the different boreal zones (hemi-, southern, middle, northern)and different site types.The following sub-types are distinguished, according to the main tree species and site typevariation:- natural old spruce forests- natural old pine forests- natural old mixed forests- natural old deciduous forests- recently burnt areas- younger forests naturally developed after fire2) Plants: Pine forests - Pinus sylvestris, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Calluna vulgaris, Empetrum nigrum,Pleurozium schreberi, Cladonia spp.; Spruce and mixed forests - Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris,Betula spp., Vaccinium myrtillus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Maianthenum bifolium, Oxalis acetosella,Trientalis europea, Dicranum spp., Pleurozum schreberi, Hylocomium splendens; Deciduousforests - Betula spp., Populus tremula, Deschampsia flexuosa, Vaccinium myrtillus, Agrostiscapillaris, Equisetum sylvaticum. Lichens - Evernia divaricata, Lobaria pulmonaria. Fungi -Amylocystis lapponica, Gloiodon strigosum, Fomitopsis populicola, Skeletocutis odora, S. stellae,Phlebia centrifuga, Haploporus odorus, Aporpium cargae, Gelatoporia pannocincata, Phellinuspopulicola.Animals: Mammals - *Pteromys volans, Myopus schisticolor, Sorex minutus; Birds - Picoidestridactylus, Perisoreus infaustus, Dendrocopos leucotos, D. minor; Beetles - Tragosomadepsarium, Pytho kolwensis, P. abieticola, #Cucujus cinnaberinus, Peltis grossa, *Osmodermaeremita.Originally natural old forests were found in the whole boreal and hemiboreal zones, except in theoro-hemiarctic treeless zone. In Finland nowadays most of the natural old forests are found ineastern and northern parts, in southern and western parts of the country only remnants of theseforests remain. In Sweden most of the old natural forests are in the north and only some of them inthe south.5) Kalela, A. (1961). Waldvegetationszonen Finnlands und ihre klimatischen paralelltypen. Arch.Soc. zool. bot. fenn. Vanamo 16 Suppl.:65-83.Kalliola, R. (1973). Suomen kas vimaantiede. Wsoy, Porvoo. 308 pp.Kielland-Lund, J. (1967). Zur systematik der Kiefenfelder Fennoscandiens. Mitt. flor.-soz.ArbGemein. 11/12:127-141.Kielland-Lund, J. (1981). Die Waldgesellschaften SO-Norwegens. Phytocoenolog. 9:53-250.Kujala, V. (1981). Suomen metsätyypit. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn., 92(8):1-45.Kuusinen, M. (1994). Epiphytic lichen diversity on Salix caprea in old-growth southern andmiddle boreal forests of Finland. Ann. Bot. Fennici, 31:77-92.Påhlsson, L. et al. (1995). Vegetationstyper I Norden. Nordiska Ministerrådet Tema Nord1994:665 pp.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 100

Tanninen, T., Storrank, B., Haugen, I., Moller, P.F., Löfgren, R. Thorsteinsson, I. &Ragnarsson, H. (1994). Naturskogar i Norden. Nord 1994:7.Virkkala, R., Alanko, T., Laine, T. & Tiainen, J. (1993). Population contraction of the whitebackedwoodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos in Finland as a consequence of habitat alteration.Biological Conservation 66:47-53.9020 * Fennoscandian hemiboreal natural old broad-leaveddeciduous forests (Quercus, Tilia, Acer, Fraxinus orUlmus) rich in epiphytesPAL.CLASS.: 41.4151, 41.F2 (1997 version)1) The hemiboreal natural old broad-leaved deciduous forest forms a transition between the WesternTaiga and the nemoral forests. The most common tree species are Quercus robur, Ulmus spp.,Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata or Acer platanoides. There is typically a considerable amount ofdead wood and a long continuity of woodland cover on the sites. The species-diversity of lichens,fungi, insects and soil-organisms is high. In many cases the forests have previously been used forgrazing or mowing.2) Plants : Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, Corylus avellana, Dentaria bulbifera, Hepaticanobilis, Lathyrus vernus, Mercurialis perennis, Milium effusum, Poa nemoralis, Polygonatummultiflorum; Bryophytes- Antitrichia curtipendula, Homalia trichomanoides, Orthotrichum spp.,Porella platyphylla, Zygodon spp.; Fungi- Auricularia mesenterica, Ganoderma lipsiense,Eichomitus campestris, Mycena galericulata, Tricholoma album, T. sulphureum; Lichens-Arthonia vinosa, Biatorella monasteriensis, Cliostomum corrugatum, Gyalecta flotowi, Lobariapulmonaria, Phlyctis agelaea3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: “2233 Ulmus glabra –type” , “2234 Fraxinus excelsior –type” , “2235 Tiliacordata –type” and “2236 Quercus robur-Ulmus glabra-Tilia cordata –type”.5) Almgren, G. (1984).- Ädellövskog - ekologi och skötsel. Skogsstyrelsen. Jönköping.Kielland-Lund, J. (1973).- A classification of Scandinavian forest vegetation for mappingpurposes. In: IBP i Norden, No 11. Universitetsforl. Oslo.Pettersson, B. & Fiskesjö, A. (1991).- Lövnaturskogens flora och fauna. NaturvårdsverketRapport 3991.Samuelsson, J. & Ingelöf, T. (1996).- Den levande döda veden. Bevarande och nyskapande inaturen. ArtDatabanken. Uppsala.9030 * Natural forests of primary succession stages oflandupheaval coastPAL.CLASS.: 31.8, 41.B8, 41.C3, 44.2 (1997 version)1) This type includes different types of deciduous, coniferous and mixed natural thickets and forestsdeveloped on land upheaval coasts of the Baltic sea. Characteristic for these habitats are stages ofprimary succession from shore grassland vegetation to climax forests or various wetland types.Also soil horizons are poorly developed, although podsol soils are otherwise typical for borealforest. The youngest pioneer forests near the sea are often low or tall herb deciduous forests,thickets or swamps. Vegetation succession can also proceed from willow swamps through forestswamps to mires. Alder and birch are dominant in the tree layer and willows are often common inInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 101

the shrub layer. Grasses are abundant. Further inland the influence of the sea is weakened, the soilsare often poor in nutrients and coniferous forests are typical. Pine, and often also spruce, dominatesthe tree layer and dwarf shrubs dominate in the field layer. In the ground layer mosses are common,but in many areas lichens are abundant.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: “2215 Betula pendula-Vaccinium myrtillus-Deschampsia flexuosa –type”,“2216 Betula pubescens-Molina caerulea-Sphagnum spp. –type”, coastal variants, “7213Hippophaë rhamnoides-type” . Many other units have unclassified and undescribedvariants occurring in land upheaval areas.5) Havas, P. (1967).- Zur ökologie der Laubwelder, insbesondere der Grauerlenwälder, an der Kusteder Bottenwiek. Aquilo, Ser. Bot., 6: 314-346.Vartiainen, T. (1980).- Succession of island vegetation in the land uplift area of the northernmostGulf of Bothnia, Finland. Acta Botanica Fennica, 115: 1-1059040 Nordic subalpine/subarctic forests with Betulapubescens ssp. czerepanoviiPAL.CLASS.: 41.B72 (1997 version)1) Forests dominated by Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (mountain birch), occuring and oftendominating the subalpine belt of the Scandinavian mountain (fell) chain (”Fjällen”). Occur also inisolated northern Fennoscandian fells and in gently sloping or flat subarctic (hemiarctic) uplands,particularly in N Finland. Due to different ecological characteristics, vegetation varies from lichenpoor and dwarf shrub dominated types to those rich-in-tall-herbs.2) Plants : Poor types; Cladonia spp., Dicranum spp., Empetrum hermaphroditum, Hylocomiumsplendens, Linnea borealis, Pleurozium schreberi, Stereocaulon paschale, Trientalis europaea,.Vaccinium myrtillus; Rich types; Aconitum lycoctonum, Cicerbita alpina, Cornus suecica,Geranium sylvaticum, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Hierochloë odorata, Melica nutans, Rubussaxatilis, Trollius europaeus3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 2211 Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii-Empetrum hermaphroditum-Cladonia ssp.-type, 2212 Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii-Vaccinium myrtillus-Deschampsia -type , 2213 Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii-Geranium sylvaticum-Rubussaxatilis -type, 2214 Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii-Geranium sylvaticum-Aconitumlycoctonum-type .5) Aune, E.I. (1973).- Forest vegetation in Hemne, Sør-Trøndelag, Western Central Norway. K.norske Vidensk. Selsk. Miscellanea, 12.Hämet-Ahti, L. (1963).- Zonation of the mountain birch forests in northernmost Fennoscandia.Ann. Bot. Zool. Fenn. Vanamo Tom, 34 (4), 127 pp.Oksanen, L. & Virtanen, R. (1995).- Topographic, altitudinal and regional patterns in continentaland suboceanic heath vegetation of northern Fennoscandia. Acta Bot. Fennica 153: 1-80.9050 Fennoscandian herb-rich forests with Picea abiesPAL.CLASS.: 42.C22, 42.C4 , 42.C3 (1997 version)Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 102

1) This type occurs in areas of brown forest soils with mull, often in low-lying areas, ravines andslopes with fine sediment and a favourable water regime. The succession of this vegetation typenormally leads to the dominance of spruce in the tree layer, although the broad-leaved trees oftencomprise a significant element. Tall herbs and ferns dominate, but the species composition variesgreatly between northern, southern and western Fennoscandia. The forests are characterized bydistinct layers of vegetation. The bottom layer is covered unevenly by bryophytes, the field layer isdominated by herbs and grasses, the bush and tree layers are well developed including a variety ofspecies. Several vegetation types have been described, the main groups being dry, mesic and moistgrass-herb forests. Sometimes ground water is flowing near the ground surface, which give rise to aspecific species rich ”wet-forest” flora and invertebrate fauna.2) Plants : Actaea spicata, A. erythrocarpa, Botrychium virginianum, Calypso bulbosa, Carex remota,Cicerbita alpina, Crepis paludosa, # Cypripedium calceolus, Diplazium sibiricum, Epipogiumaphyllum, Geranium sylvaticum, Impatiens noli-tangere, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Melica nutans,Milium effusum, Paris quadrifolia, Viola selkirkii; Mosses- Brachythecium spp., Cirriphyllumpiliferum, Eurhynchium spp., Plagiomnium spp.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 2124 Picea abies-Oxalis acetosella-Melica nutans -type, 2125 Picea abies-Dryopteris spp.-type and 2126 Picea abies-Geranium sylvaticum-Aconitum lycoctonumtype.5) Mäkirinta, U. (1968).- Haintypenuntersuchungen im mitteleren Süd-Häme, Süd-Finnland. Ann. ot.Fenn.,5: 34-64.Koponen, T. (1967).- On the dynamics of vegetation and flora in Karkali Nature Reserve,Southern Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn., 4:121-218.9060 Coniferous forests on, or connected to, glaciofluvialeskersPAL.CLASS.: -1) This type includes Fennoscandian conifer forests found on or close to eskers. The top of an esker isoften characterized by Pinus sylvestris and the slopes sometimes by Picea abies, althoughdeciduous species may occur. Eskers are glaciofluvial gravel and sand formations which consist ofrelatively sorted material, often forming ridges over 20 meters high. In terms of ecological sitefactors they are more variable than the surrounding forest on flatter ground. In particular themicroclimate differs notably between shaded and sunny slopes. Thus aspect and slope inclination,which reflect the effects of solar radiation and soil and air temperatures are important ecologicalfactors. As a result of ecological characteristics, vegetation on sunny esker slopes is often relativelyrich in species and particularly contains many leguminous plants as well as some eastern steppeplant species.2) Plants : Antennaria dioeca, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. fennica, Astragalus alpinus, Brachypodiumpinnatum, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Carex ericetorum, C. pediformis, Dianthus arenarius,Fragaria vesca, Hierochloë australis, Hypochoeris maculata, Juniperus communis, Lathyrus niger,L. vernus, Melica nutans, Oxytropis campestris, Pinus sylvestris, Polygonatum odoratum,Pulsatilla patens, P. vernalis, Pteridium aquilinum, Rubus saxatilis, Silene nutans, Thymusserpyllum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Viola rupestris subsp. rupestris3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: 2114b Pinus sylvestris - Fragaria vesca -variant, 2115 Pinus sylvestris -Lathyrys spp. - Rubus saxatilis-type .Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 103

4) Stands of esker forests on sunny slopes are often characterized by a relatively open tree structureand in addition the undergrowth often consists of species of warmer climate (e.g. Carex pediformis,Pulsatilla patens, P. vernalis, Gypsophila fastigiata) and some endangered butterfly species.About six different forest site types of eskers have been described, representing a gradient fromxeric lichen rich forests to humid herb-rich forests.5) Heikkinen, R.K. (1991) - Multivariate analysis of esker vegetation in southern Häme, S Finland.Ann. Bot. Fenn. 28: 201-224.Jalas, J. (1961) - Besondere Züge der Vegetation und Flora auf der Osen. Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot.Fenn. Vanamo, 16 Suppl. 25-33.Rajakorpi, A. (1987) - Topographic, microclimatic and edaphic control of the vegetation in thecentral part of the Hämeenkangas esker complex, western Finland. Acta Bot. Fennica, 134: 1-70.Uotila, P. (1969) - Ecology and area of Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. in Finland. Ann. Bot. Fenn..6:105-111.9070 Fennoscandian wooded pasturesPAL.CLASS.: -1) A vegetation complex in which the tree layer varies from sparse forest to small copses of trees andshrubs and patches of open grassland. These habitats have a representative mosaic of copses oftrees (usually deciduous trees) and grassland with a long continuity of grazing. The tree layerconsists either of deciduous broad-leaved species such as Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Tiliacordata, Betula spp., Alnus incana or conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris). Particularly inSweden there are pastures with old, large oaks. A rich assemblage of threatened lichens, fungi, andinvertebrates are associated with the bark and dead or decaying wood. The type also includes(particularly in Finland) deciduous forests established after slash-and-burn cultivation, that was acharacteristic feature of the former land use in FinlandIn Finland scattered in the whole of the country, mostly in Southern and Central Finland; very rareor extinct in northern boreal zone. In Sweden scattered over the whole country. Regional variationis considerable. Wooded pastures are usually dominated by birch, pine, alder (Alnus incana) orspruce (spruce-dominated are often degraded types); in hemiboreal zone there are also subtypesdominated by e.g. Quercus, Fraxinus and Corylus..2) Plants : Agrostis capillaris, Alnus incana, Antennaria dioica, Botrychium spp., Campanulapersicifolia, Coeloglossum viride, Fragaria vesca, Geranium sylvaticum, Melampyrum cristatum,Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus polyanthemos, Succisa pratensis, Veronica chamaedrys, V.officinalis.4) During recent decades the tree layer of wooded pastures has in many cases become thicker and thetypical structure has then been obscured. In wooded pastures vegetation is dominated by grasslandspecies with elements of grassland vegetation.5) Ekman, H. & Pettersson, B. (1987).- Ekarnas hagar. LT:s förlag.Häggström, C.-A. (1987).- Den nordiska hagen. Nordenskjölds Samfundets Tidskrift, 47: 68-90.9080 *Fennoscandian deciduous swamp woodsPAL.CLASS.: 44.9112, 44.915, 44.A14 (1997 version)1) Deciduous swamps are under permanent influence of surface water and usually flooded annually.They are moist or wet, wooded wetlands with some peat formation, but the peat layer is usuallyInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 104

very thin. Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in the hemiboreal zone and black alder (Alnus glutinosa)reaching the middle boreal zone are typical tree species. Gray alder (Alnus incana), silver birch(Betula pubescens) and willows (Salix spp.) are also common. A mosaic of patches with differentwater level and vegetation is typical for the type. Around the tree stems are small hummocks, butwet flooded surfaces are dominant.Deciduous swamp woods are most common in Finland in the southwestern archipelago and othercoastal areas. On the mainland they are rare. In Sweden they are common throughout the wholeregion.2) Plants : Carex caespitosa, C. diandra, C. disperma, C. elongata, C. loliacea, C. rhynchospora, C.tenuiflora, Calamagrostis canescens, C. chalybea, C. stricta, Calla palustris, Glyceria lithuanica,Iris pseudacorus, Lycopus europaeus, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lythrum salicaria, Solanumdulcamara, Thelypteris palustris; Mosses- Calliergon cordifolium, Helodium blandowii,Pseudobryum cinclidioides, Spagnum squarrosum, S. teres, S. fimbriatum, S. riparium3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification : 2241 Alnus incana -type, 2242 Alnus glutinosa - Lycopus europaeus -type, 2243 Alnus spp. - Filipendula ulmaria - Carex elongata -type, 3413 Alnus spp. -Betula pubescens - Salix spp. - Filipendula ulmaria -type.4) Associated with the habitat type: Residual alluvial forests (91E0)5) Ruuhijärvi, R. (1983).- The Finnish mire types and their regional distribution. In: Gore,A.J.P. (ed.) Ecosystems of the World 4B. Mires: Swamp, bog, fen and moor. Regional studies, 47-67. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Eurola, S. & Kaakinen, E. (1984).- Key to Finnish mire types. In: Moore, P.D. (ed.). Europeanmires, 11-117. Academic Press, LondonForests of temperate Europe9110 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forestsPAL.CLASS.: 41.111) Fagus sylvatica and, in higher mountains, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica-Abiesalba-Picea abies forests developed on acid soils of the medio-European domain of central andnorthern Central Europe, with Luzula luzuloides, Polytrichum formosum and often Deschampsiaflexuosa, Calamagrostis villosa, Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum.The following sub-types are included:41.111 Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forestsAcidophilous Fagus sylvatica forests of the lesser Hercynian ranges and Lorraine, of the collinarlevel of the greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine periphery, of the western sub-Pannonic and the intra-Pannonic hills, not or little accompanied by self sown conifers, andgenerally with an admixture of Quercus petraea, or in some cases Quercus robur, in the canopy.41.112 Medio-European montane woodrush beech forestsAcidophilous forests of Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica, Abiesalba and Picea abies of the montane and high-montane levels of the greater Hercynian ranges,from the Vosges and the Black Forest to the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Jura, the Alps, theCarpathians and the Bavarian Plateau.2) Plants: Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies, Luzula luzuloides, Polytrichum formosum andoften Deschampsia flexuosa, Calamagrostis villosa, Vaccinium myrtillus, Pteridium aquilinum.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 105

3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: "2221 Fagus sylvatica-Deschampsia flexuosa-Vaccinium myrtillus-typ"5) Lindgren, L. (1970). Beech forest vegetation in Sweden - a survey. Bot. Notiser 123:401-421.9120 Atlantic acidophilous beech forests with Ilex andsometimes also Taxus in the shrublayer (Quercinionrobori-petraeae or Ilici-Fagenion)PAL.CLASS.: 41.121) Beech forests with Ilex, growing on acid soils, of the plain to montane levels under humid Atlanticclimate. The acid substrate corresponds to alterations of acid rocks or to silt with flints more or lessdegraded or, to old alluvial deposits. The soils are of acid brown type, leaching or with an evolutiontowards podsol type. The humus is of moder to dysmoder type. These beech forests present differentvarieties:a) subatlantic beech-oak forests of the plains and hill levels with Ilex aquifoliumb) hyper-Atlantic beech-oak forests of the plains and hill levels with Ilex and Taxus, rich in epiphytesc) pure beech forests or acidophilous beech-fir forests of the montane level, with Ilex aquifolium in thefield layer.2) Plants: Ilex aquifolium, Taxus baccata, Ruscus aculeatus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Hieraciumsabaudum, H. umbellatum, Pteridium aquilinum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Lonicera periclymenum,Melampyrum pratense, Teucrium scorodonia, Holcus mollis.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W14 Fagus sylvatica-Rubus fruticosus woodland" pp and "W15Fagus sylvatica-Deschampsia flexuosa woodland p.p.".German classification: "43070502 bodensaurer Buchenwald der planaren Stufe".4) Oak may dominate in some of these forests due to the coppice-with-standards regime of the pastcenturies. If the intensity of the management decreases beech and also Ilex often regeneratespontaneously.9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forestsPAL.CLASS.: 41.131) Fagus sylvatica and, in higher mountains, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba or Fagus sylvatica-Abiesalba-Picea abies forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils, with mild humus (mull), of themedio-European and Atlantic domains of Western Europe and of central and northern CentralEurope, characterised by a strong representation of species belonging to the ecological groups ofAnemone nemorosa, of Lamiastrum (Lamium) galeobdolon, of Galium odoratum and Melicauniflora and, in mountains, various Dentaria spp., forming a richer and more abundant herb layerthan in the forests of 9110 and 9120.Sub-types :41.131 - Medio-European collinar neutrophilous beech forestsInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 106

Neutrocline or basicline Fagus sylvatica and Fagus sylvatica-Quercus petraea-Quercus roburforests of hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, ofthe Jura, Lorraine, the Paris basin, Burgundy, the Alpine piedmont, the Carpathians and a fewlocalities of the North Sea-Baltic plain.41.132 - Atlantic neutrophile beech forestsAtlantic beech and beech-oak forests with Hyacinthoides non-scripta, of southern England, theBoulonnais, Picardy, the Oise, Lys and Schelde basins.41.133 - Medio-European montane neutrophilous beech forestsNeutrophile forests of Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica and Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica andPicea abies, or Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies of the montane and high-montanelevels of the Jura, the northern and eastern Alps, the western Carpathians and the greatHercynian ranges.41.134 - Bohemian lime-beech forestsFagus sylvatica or Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba forests rich in Tilia spp., of the Bohemian basin.41.135 - Pannonic neutrophilme beech forestsNeutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the hills of the Pannonic plain andits western periphery.2) Plants: Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies, Anemone nemorosa, Lamiastrum (Lamium)galeobdolon, Galium odoratum, Melica uniflora, Dentaria spp.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W12 Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis woodland p.p." and"W14 Fagus sylvatica-Rubus fruticosus woodland p.p.".Nordic classification: "2222 Fagus sylvatica-Lamiastrum galeobdolon-Melica uniflora-typ" and"2223 Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis-Allium ursinum-typ".Romanian classification: “R4118 Păduri dacice de fag (Fagus sylvatica) şi carpen (Carpinusbetulus) cu Dentaria bulbifera”, “R4119 Pãduri dacice de fag (Fagus sylvatica) şi carpen(Carpinsu betulus) cu Carex pilosa”,”R4120 Pãduri moldave mixte de fag (Fagussylvatica) şi tei argintiu (Tilia tomentosa) cu Carex brevicolis"4) Relict stands of collinar neutrophilous beech forests of the Macin Mountains of Dobrogea,Romania are the priority habitat 91X0*Dobrogean Beech forests5) Bergendorff, C., larsson, A. & Nihlgård, B. (1979). Sydliga lövskogsbestånd i Sverige. Statensnaturvårdsverk. Rapport. SNV PM 1278, Solna, 68 pp.9140 Medio-European subalpine beech woods with Acer andRumex arifoliusPAL.CLASS.: 41.151) Fagus sylvatica woods usually composed of low, low-branching trees, with much sycamore (Acerpseudoplatanus), situated near the tree limit, mostly in low mountains with oceanic climate ofWestern Europe and of central and northern Central Europe. The herb layer is similar to that of theforests of 9130 or locally of 9110 and contain elements of the adjacent open grasslands.2) Plants: Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Rumex arifolius.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 107

9150 Medio-European limestone beech forests of theCephalanthero-FagionPAL.CLASS.: 41.161) Xero-thermophile Fagus sylvatica forests developed on calcareous, often superficial, soils, usuallyof steep slopes, of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of centraland northern Central Europe, with a generally abundant herb and shrub undergrowth, characterizedby sedges (Carex digitata, Carex flacca, Carex montana, Carex alba), grasses (Sesleria albicans,Brachypodium pinnatum), orchids (Cephalanthera spp., Neottia nidus-avis, Epipactis leptochila,Epipactis microphylla) and thermophile species, transgressive of the Quercetalia pubescentipetraeae.The bush-layer includes several calcicolous species (Ligustrum vulgare, Berberisvulgaris) and Buxus sempervirens can dominate.Sub-types :41.161 - Middle European dry-slope limestone beech forestsMiddle European sedge and orchid beech woods of slopes with reduced water availability.41.162 - North-western Iberian xerophile beech woodsFagus sylvatica forests of relatively low precipitation zones of the southern ranges of the PaisVasco and of superficially dry calcareous soils of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with Brachypodiumpinnatum ssp. rupestre, Sesleria argentea ssp. hispanica, Carex brevicollis, Carex ornithopoda,Carex sempervirens, Carex caudata, Cephalanthera damasonium, C. longifolia, Epipactishelleborine, Epipactis microphylla, Neottia nidus-avis.2) Plants: Fagus sylvatica, Carex digitata, C. flacca, C. montana, C. alba, Sesleria albicans,Brachypodium pinnatum, Cephalanthera spp., Neottia nidus-avis, Epipactis leptochila, Epipactismicrophylla, Buxus sempervirens.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: "2223 Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis-Allium ursinum -typ".Romanian classification "R4111 Pãduri sud-est carpatice de fag (Fagus sylvatica) şi brad (Abiesalba) cu Cephalanthera damassonium "9160 Sub-Atlantic and medio-European oak or oakhornbeamforests of the Carpinion betuliPAL.CLASS.: 41.241) Forests of Quercus robur (or Quercus robur and Quercus petraea) on hydromorphic soils or soils withhigh water table (bottoms of valleys, depressions or in the vicinity of riparian forests). The substratecorresponds to silts, clayey and silt-laden colluvions, as well as to silt-laden alterations or to siliceousrocks with a high degree of saturation. Forests of Quercus robur or natural mixed forests composed ofQuercus robur, Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata. Endymion non-scriptus is absentor rare.2) Plants: Quercus robur, Carpinus betulus, Acer campestre, Tilia cordata, Stellaria holostea, Carexbrizoides, Poa chaixii, Potentilla sterilis, Dactylis polygama, Ranunculus nemorosus, Galiumsylvaticum.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "430703 Stieleichen-Hainbuchenwald feuchter bis frischer Standorte".Nordic classification: "2223 Fagus sylvatica-Mercurialis perennis-Allium ursinum-typ".Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 108

4) Not to be confused with forests of Quercus robur arising from the management of beech-oak forests ascoppice or coppice-with-standards on well drained soils.5) Diekmann, M. (1994). Decidious forest vegetation in Boreo-nemoral Scandinavia. ActaPhytogeogr. Suec. 80:1-112.9170 Galio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam forestsPAL.CLASS.: 41.261, 41.2621) Quercus petraea-Carpinus betulus forests of regions with sub-continental climate within thecentral European range of Fagus sylvatica, dominated by Quercus petraea (41.261). Also includedare related lime-oak forests of eastern and eastern-central European regions with a continentalclimate, east of the range of F. sylvatica (41.262).2) Plants: 41.261 - Quercus petraea, Carpinus betulus, Sorbus torminalis, S. domestica, Acercampestre, Ligustrum vulgare, Convallaria majalis, Carex montana, C. umbrosa, Festucaheterophylla; 41.262 - Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Acer platanoides, Carpinusbetulus.3) Corresponding categoryNordic classification: "2224 Carpinus betulus-typ".9180 * Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravinesPAL.CLASS.: 41.41) Mixed forests of secondary species (Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, Ulmus glabra, Tiliacordata) of coarse scree, abrupt rocky slopes or coarse colluvions of slopes, particularly oncalcareous, but also on siliceous, substrates (Tilio-Acerion Klika 55). A distinction can be madebetween one grouping which is typical of cool and humid environments (hygroscopic and shadetolerant forests), generally dominated by the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) - sub-allianceLunario-Acerenion, and another which is typical of dry, warm screes (xerothermophile forests),generally dominated by limes (Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos) - sub-alliance Tilio-Acerenion.The habitat types belonging to the Carpinion should not be included here.2) Plants: Lunario-Acerenion - Acer pseudoplatanus, Actaea spicata, Fraxinus excelsior, Helleborusviridis, Lunaria rediviva, Taxus baccata, Ulmus glabra. Tilio-Acerenion - Carpinus betulus, Corylusavellana, Quercus sp., Sesleria varia, Tilia cordata, T. platyphyllos.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W8 Fraxinus excelsior-Acer campestre-Mercurialis perenniswoodland" and "W9 Fraxinus excelsior-Sorbus aucuparia-Mercurialis perennis woodland".German classification: "430604 Sommerlinden-Begulmen-Blockschuttwald", "430603 Ahorn-Linden-Hangschuttwald (wärmere Standorte)", "430602 Eschen-Ahorn-Schlucht- bzw. -Hangwald (fleucht-kühle Standorte)", "430601 Sommerlinden-Hainbuchen-Schuttwald".Nordic classification: "2233 Ulmus glabra -typ", "2235 Tilia cordata -typ" and "2236 Quercusrobur-Ulmus glabra-Tilia cordata-typ". In Boreal region corresponding species-poorcommunities often with Anemone nemorosa, Corydalis spp., Primula veris.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 109

4) Slight changes in the conditions of the substrate (especially "consolidated" substrate) or humidityproduce a transition towards beech forests (Cephalanthero-Fagenion, Luzulo-Fagenion) or towardsthermophile oak forests.5) Bergendorff, C., Larsson, A. & Nihlgård, B. (1979). Sydliga lövskogsbestånd i Sverige. Statensnaturvårdsverk. Rapport. SNV PM 1278, Solna, 68 pp.9190 Old acidophilous oak woods with Quercus robur onsandy plainsPAL.CLASS.: 41.51 and 41.541) 41.51 - Acidophilous forests of the Baltic-North Sea plain, composed of Quercus robur, Betulapendula and Betula pubescens, often mixed with Sorbus aucuparia and Populus tremula, on veryoligotrophic, often sandy (or moraine) and podsolized or hydromorphic soils; the bush layer,poorly developed, includes Frangula alnus; the herb layer is formed by Deschampsia flexuosaand other grasses and herbs of acid soils (sometimes includes Molinia caerulea), and is ofteninvaded by bracken. Forests of this type often prevail in the northern European plain and occupymore limited edaphic enclaves. Syntaxa: Querco-Betuletum, Molino-Quercetum, Trientalo-Quercetim roboris.41.54 - Forests of Quercus robur and, sporadically Quercus pyrenaica or hybrids, on podzols, witha herb layer formed by the group of Deschampsia flexuosa, with Molinia caerulea andPeucedanum gallicum. Syntaxa: Peucedano-Quercetum roboris.2) Plants: Quercus robur, Betula pendula, B. pubescens, Sorbus aucuparia, Populus tremula.3) Corresponding categoriesNordic classification: "2231 Quercus petraea/robur-Melampyrum pratense-Deschampsia flexuosatyp"and "2232 Quercus robur-Melica spp.-typ".5) Rühling, Å. & Tyler, G. (1986). Vegetation i sydsvenska ekskogar-en regional jämförelse. Sven.Bot. Tidskr. 80:133-143.91A0PAL.CLASS.: 41.53Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in theBritish Isles1) Acidophilous Quercus petraea woods, with low, low-branched, trees, with many ferns, mosses,lichens and evergreen bushes.Sub-types :41.531 - Irish sessile oak woodsQuercus petraea woods of Ireland, particulary rich in evergreen bushes, including Arbutusunedo.41.532 - British sessile oak woodsAcidophilous Quercus petraea woods of western Britain, mostly found in Scotland, Wales,Northern England and South Western England.2) Plants: Quercus petraea, Ilex aquifolium, Blechnum ssp.3) Corresponding categoriesInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 110

United Kingdom classification: "W10 Quercus spp.-Pteridium aquilinum-Rubus fruticosuswoodland p.p.", "W11 Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Oxalis acetosella woodlandp.p." and "W17 Quercus petraea-Betula pubescens-Dicranum majus woodland p.p.".91B0PAL.CLASS.: 41.86Thermophilous Fraxinus angustifolia woods1) Non-alluvial, non-ravine formations dominated by Fraxinus angustifolia, often mixed withQuercus pubescens or Q. pyrenaica.Sub-types :41.861 - Sicilian narrow-leaved ash woodsFraxinus angustifolia woods of western Sicily.41.862 - Iberian narrow-leaved ash woodsFraxinus angustifolia woods of the Iberian peninsula.2) Plants: Fraxinus angustifolia.91C0PAL.CLASS.: 42.51* Caledonian forest1) Relict, indigenous pine forests of Pinus sylvestris var. scotica, endemic in the central and northeastern Grampians and the northern and western Highlands of Scotland and associated Betula andJuniperus woodlands of northern character within this area. They are mostly open and have a groundlayer rich in ericaceous species and bryophytes, in particular Hylocomium splendens, and oftenharbouring abundant Deschampsia flexuosa, Goodyera repens, Listera cordata, Corallorhiza trifida,Linnaea borealis, Trientalis europaea, Pyrola minor, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda. Thedominant trees are: Sorbus aucuparia, Betula pubescens, B. pendula, Juniperus communis, Ilexaquifolium, Populus tremula.2) Plants: Corallorhiza trifida, Deschampsia flexuosa, Goodyera repens, Linnaea borealis, Listeracordata, Moneses uniflora, Orthilia secunda, Pinus sylvestris var. scotica, Pyrola minor, Trientaliseuropaea. Bryophytes- Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: the majority of Caledonian forests belong to "W18 Pinussylvestris-Hylocomium splendens woodland"; however, not all of these forests aresemi-natural. Stands dominated by Juniperus belong to the category "W19 Juniperuscommunis ssp. communis-Oxalis acetosella woodland".91D0PAL.CLASS.: 44.A1 to 44.A4* Bog woodland1) Coniferous and broad-leaved forests on a humid to wet peaty substrate, with the water levelpermanently high and even higher than the surrounding water table. The water is always very poor innutrients (raised bogs and acid fens). These communities are generally dominated by Betulapubescens, Frangula alnus, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus rotundata and Picea abies, with species specific tobogland or, more generally, to oligotrophic environments, such as Vaccinium spp., Sphagnum spp.,Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 111

Carex spp. [Vaccinio-Piceetea: Piceo-Vaccinienion uliginosi (Betulion pubescentis, Ledo-Pinion)i.a.]. In the Boreal region, also spruce swamp woods, which are minerotrophic mire sites alongmargins of different mire complexes, as well as in separate strips in valleys and along brooks.Sub-types :44.A1 - Sphagnum birch woods44.A2 - Scots pine mire woods44.A3 - Mountain pine bog woods44.A4 - Mire spruce woods2) Plants: Agrostis canina, Betula pubescens, B. carpatica, Carex canescens, C. echinata, C. nigra, C.rostrata, Eriophorum vaginatum, Frangula alnus, Juncus acutiflorus, Molinia caerulea, Trientaliseuropaea, Picea abies, Pinus rotundata, P. sylvestris, P. mugo, Sphagnum spp., Vacciniumoxycoccus, V. uliginosum, Viola palustris; in spruce swamp woods also: Carex disperma, C.tenuiflora, Diplazium sibiricum, Hylocomium umbratum and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification : "W4 Betula pubescens-Molinia caerulea woodland".German classification: "430101 Birken-Moorwald", "440104 Latschen-Moorwald", "440101 Fichten-Moorwald", "440103 Spirken-Moorwald", "440102 Waldkiefern-Moorwald".Nordic classification: "311 Skogsmossevegetation", "321 Skogs-och krattkärrvegetation".Romanian classification: “R3106 Tufărişuri sud-est Carpatice de jneapăn (Pinus Mugo) în mlaştinioligotrofe de Sphagnum”, “ R4412 Raristi sud-est carpatice de molid (Picea abies) si/saupin silvestru (Pinus sylvestris) de tinoave”, “ R4414 Tufărişuri sud-est carpatice demlaştini de mesteacăn pufos (Betula pubescens)”.4) Forests on the edge of upland bogs or transition mires may form a transition towards swamp forests(Alnetea glutinosa, Alno-Ulmion pp.).Where bog woodland has colonized former non-woodland bog because of human impacts (bogdegradation), the bog woodland may be removed in order to restore favourable conservation status ofthe former bog (types 7110, 7130 and 7140). Such secondary bog woodland is included in thedefinition of type 91D0, but generally has lower conservation priority than restoration of the originalbog type.5) Dierssen, B. & Dierssen, K. (1982). Kiefernreiche Phytocoenosen oligotropher Moore immittleren und nordwestlichen Europa. Überlegungen zur Problematik ihrer Zuordnung zu höherensyn systematischen Einheiten. In:Dierschke, H. (ed.) Struktur und Dynamic von Wäldern. Ber.Intern. Symp. IVV 1982, pp. 299-331.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 112

91E0PAL.CLASS.: 44.3, 44.2 and 44.13* Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinusexcelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)1) Riparian forests of Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa, of temperate and Boreal Europe lowlandand hill watercourses (44.3: Alno-Padion); riparian woods of Alnus incanae of montane andsub-montane rivers of the Alps and the northern Apennines (44.2: Alnion incanae); arborescentgalleries of tall Salix alba, S. fragilis and Populus nigra, along medio-European lowland, hill orsub-montane rivers (44.13: Salicion albae). All types occur on heavy soils (generally rich in alluvialdeposits) periodically inundated by the annual rise of the river (or brook) level, but otherwisewell-drained and aerated during low-water. The herbaceous layer invariably includes many largespecies (Filipendula ulmaria, Angelica sylvestris, Cardamine spp., Rumex sanguineus, Carex spp.,Cirsium oleraceum) and various vernal geophytes can occur, such as Ranunculus ficaria, Anemonenemorosa, A. ranunculoides, Corydalis solida.This habitat includes several sub-types: ash-alder woods of springs and their rivers (44.31 - Cariciremotae-Fraxinetum); ash-alder woods of fast-flowing rivers (44.32 - Stellario-Alnetum glutinosae);ash-alder woods of slow-flowing rivers (44.33 - Pruno-Fraxinetum, Ulmo-Fraxinetum); montanegrey alder galleries (44.21 - Calamagrosti variae-Alnetum incanae Moor 58); sub-montane grey aldergalleries (44.22 - Equiseto hyemalis-Alnetum incanae Moor 58); white willow gallery forests (44.13 -Salicion albae). The Spanish types belong to the alliance Osmundo-Alnion (Cantabric atlantic andsoutheast Iberia peninsula).2) Plants: Tree layer - Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incanae, Fraxinus excelsior; Populus nigra, Salix alba, S.fragilis; Betula pubescens, Ulmus glabra; Herb layer - Angelica sylvestris, Cardamine amara, C.pratensis, Carex acutiformis, C. pendula, C. remota, C. strigosa, C. sylvatica, Cirsium oleraceum,Equisetum telmateia, Equisetum spp., Filipendula ulmaria, Geranium sylvaticum, Geum rivale,Lycopus europaeus, Lysimachia nemorum, Rumex sanguineus, Stellaria nemorum, Urtica dioica.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W5 Alnus glutinosa-Carex paniculata woodland", "W6 Alnusglutinosa-Urtica dioica woodland)" and "W7 Alnus glutinosa-Fraxinus excelsior-Lysimachianemorum woodland".German classification: "43040401 Weichholzauenwald mit weitgehend ungertörterÜberflutungsdynamik", "43040402 Weichholzauenwald ohne Überflutung", "430403Schwarzerlenwald (an Fließgewässern)", "430402 Eschenwald (an Fließgewässern)","430401 Grauerlenauenwald (montan, Alpenvorland, Alpen).Nordic classification: "2234 Fraxinus excelsior-typ" and "224 Alskog".4) Most of these forests are in contact with humid meadows or ravine forests (Tilio-Acerion). Asuccession towards Carpinion (Primulo-Carpinetum) can be observed.5) Brunet, J. (1991). Vegetation i Skånes alm- och askskogar. Sven. Bot. Tidskr. 85:377-384.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 113

91F0PAL.CLASS.: 44.4Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevisand Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinusangustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris)1) Forests of hardwood trees of the major part of the river bed, liable to flooding during regular rising ofwater level or, of low areas liable to flooding following the raising of the water table. These forestsdevelop on recent alluvial deposits. The soil may be well drained between inondations or remain wet.Following the hydric regime, the woody dominated species belong to Fraxinus, Ulmus or Quercusgenus. The undergrowth is well developed.2) Plants: Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis, U. minor, U.glabra, Fraxinus excelsior, Fraxinus angustifolia,Populus nigra, P. canescens, P. tremula, Alnus glutinosa, Prunus padus, Humulus lupulus, Vitisvinifera ssp. sylvestris, Tamus communis, Hedera helix, Phalaris arundinacea, Corydalis solida, Gagealutea, Ribes rubrum.3) Corresponding categoriesGerman classification: "43040501 Hartholzauenwald mit weitehend ungestörterÜberflutungsdynamik", "43040502 Hartholzauenwald ohne Überflutung".Nordic classification: "2223 Ulmus glabra-typ", "2236 Quercus robur-Ulmus glabra-Tilia cordatatyp".4) These forests form mosaics with pioneer or stable forests of soft wood trees, in low areas of the riverbed; they may develop also from alluvial forests of hard wood trees. This habitat type often occurs inconjunction with alder-ash woodlands (44.3).91G0PAL.CLASS.: 41.2B, 41.266, 41.267* Pannonic woods with Quercus petraea and Carpinusbetulus1) Forests with Quercus petraea and Carpinus betulus of the plains and low hills of south easterncentral Europe on varied soil types (both calcareous and siliceous substrates). The shrub- and herblayer are dominated by subcontinental and submediterranean plant species. They occur in shady,humid valleys and slopes, particularly on deep soils but also on hill tops with shallow, oligotrophicsubstrates. Syntaxa include, Primulo veris-Carpinetum, Fraxino pannonici-Carpinetum.2) Plants: Carex pilosa, Euphorbia amigdaloides, Symphytum tuberosum, Dentaria bulbifera,Glechoma hirsuta, Festuca heterophylla, Carpinus betulus, Quercus petrae, Q. robur, Tiliacordata, Euonymus verrucosa, Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, Galium sylvaticum, Violamirabilis, Gagea spathacea. Acer tataricum, Galanthus nivalis, Galium schultesii, Helleborusdumetorum, H. purpurascens, Isopyrum thalictroides, Knautia drymeia, Quercus cerris, Scilladrunensis, Staphylea pinnata, Symphytum tuberosum, Vinca minor4) These habitats may form a transition towards xerophile oak woods (Quercus petraeae-cerris forestsand Quercus pubescens woods).5) Borhidi, A. (1967). Die geobotanischen Verhältnisse der Eichen-Hainbuchenwälder Südosteuropas.Feddes Repert. 77: 296-316.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 114

Borhidi, A. & Kevey, B. (1996). An annotated checklist of the Hungarian plant communities. II. Theforest vegetation. In: Borhidi, A. (ed.): Critical Revision of the Hungarian Plant Communities. JanusPannonius Univ. Pécs, 95-138.Csapody, I. (1967). Eichen-Hainbuchenwälder Ungarns. Feddes Repert. 77: 245-269.Mucina, L., Grabherr, G., Wallnöfer, S. (1993). Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs. Teil III,S. 199.Neuhäusl U. Neuhäuslova-Novotna (1968). Übersicht der Carpinion-Gesellschaften derTschechoslowakei.91H0PAL.CLASS.: 41.7373, 41.7374* Pannonian woods with Quercus pubescens1) Xerophyle oak woods of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain dominated by Quercuspubescens on extremely dry, southern exposed locations on shallow, calcareous soils. Because ofthese extreme site conditions, the woods are often fragmentary and low-growing, sometimes onlyshrubby. The herb layer is rich in species and often contains xerothermic species from drygrasslands or forest fringes. Occasionally Tilia platyphyllos and Fraxinus excelsior can becomedominant.2) Plants: Quercus pubescens, Q. cerris, Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus domestica, S. torminalis, Coluteaarborescens, Cornus mas, Pyrus pyraster, Arabis pauciflora, A. turrita, Buglossoides purpurcaerulea,Campanula bononiensis, Carex michelii, Euphorbia polychroma, Lactuca quercina, Limodorumabortivum, Milittis melissophylum, Orchis purpurea, Potentilla alba, P. micrantha, Pulmunariamollis ssp. mollis, Tanacetum corymbosum, Viola suavis, Euphorbia angulata, Lithospermumpurpureo-coeruleum. 41.7373 - Quercus virgiliana, Cotinus coggygria, Amygdalus nana, Cornusmas, Astragalus austriacus, A. monspessulanus, Carex humilis, Dictamnus albus, Geraniumsanguineum4) White-oak woods often form mosaics with dry grasslands.91I0PAL.CLASS.: 41.7A* Euro-Siberian steppic woods with Quercus spp.1) Xero-thermophile oak woods of the plains of south-eastern Europe. The climate is very continental,with a large temperature range. The substrate consists of 'Loess' (Chernozem soils). Quercus robur,Quercus cerris, Q. pedunculiflora and Quercus pubescens dominate in the treelayer of this habitattype, which is rich in continental stepic vegetation elements and geophytes of the Aceri tatarici-Quercion Zólyomi 1957.2) Plants: Quercus cerris, Q. pubescens, Q. robur, Q. pedunculiflora, Q. petraea, Acer campestre,Acer tataricum, Sorbus torminalis, Tilia tomentosa, Cornus sanguinea, Crataegus monogyna,Euonymus verrucosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus pyraster, Rhamnus cathartica,Ulmus minor, Buglossoides purpurocaerulea, Carex michelii, Dactylis polygama, Galiumdasypodum, Geum urbanum, Lathyrus niger, Polygonatum latifolium, Pulmonaria mollis spp.mollis, Tanacetum corymbosum, Tulipa bibersteinniana, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Violajordanii.4) This habitat type, which formed the natural vegetation of south-eastern Europe, is today veryfragmented. In Austria they are often degraded by invasion of Robinia.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 115

91J0PAL.CLASS.: 42.A71* Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles1) Taxus baccata woods with Sorbus aria or Mercurialis perennis of dry valleys and scarps of the chalkof south-east England, very locally of the Durham Magnesium limestone, Morecambe Bay andelsewhere. They also occur in the forest of Muckross (Killarney, Ireland).2) Plants: Buxus sempervirens, Ilex aquifolium, Mercurialis perennis, Sorbus aria, Taxus baccata.3) Corresponding categoriesUnited Kingdom classification: "W13 Taxus baccata woodland".91K0PAL.CLASS.: 41.1CIllyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion)1) Fagus sylvatica forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers andirradiations in the southeastern Alps, the southwestern Carpathians and in the mid-Pannonic hills. Inthese areas they are in contact with, or interspersed among, medio-European beech forests such as9130, 9140 and 9150. Species diversity is greater than in the Central European beech woods and theAremonio-Fagion constitutes an important centre of species diversity.2) Plants:. Fagus sylvatica, F. moesiaca, Acer obtusatum, Ostrya carpinifolia, Abies alba, Quercuscerris, Sorbus graeca, Tilia tomentosa, Anemone trifolia, Aremonia agrimonioides, Calaminthagrandiflora, Cardamine trifolia, C. waldsteinii, Corylus colurna, Cotoneaster tomentosa,Cyclamen purpurascens, Dentaria eneaphyllos, Dentaria enneaphyllos, Dentaria trifolia,Doronicum austriacum, Epimedium alpinum, Euphorbia carniolica, Hacquetia epipactis,Helleborus niger ssp. niger, H. odorus, Knautia drymeia, Lamiukm orvala, Lamium orvala,Lonicera nigra, Omphalodes verna, Pancicia serbica, Primula vulgaris, R. hypoglossum, Ruscusspp. Saxifraga lasiophylla, Scopolia carniolica, Scrophularia scopolii, Sesleria autumnalis, Viciaoroboides5) Borhidi, A. (1963). Die Zönologie des Verbandes Fagion illyricum. I. Allgemeiner Teil. - ActaBot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 259-297.Borhidi,A. (1965). Die Zönologie des Verbandes Fagion illyricum. II. Systematischer Teil. - ActaBot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 13: 53-102.Horvat, I., Glavac, V. & Ellenberg, H. (1974). Vegetation Süd-Osteuropas. Stuttgart, pp. 768.Maricek, L., Mucina, L., Zupanic, L., Poldini, I., Dakskobler, I. & Acceto, M. (1992).Nomenklatorische Revision der Illyrischen Buchenwälder (Verband Aremonio-Fagion). StudiaGeobotanica 13b: 121-135.Török, K., Podani, J. & Borhidi, A. (1989:). Numerical revision of Fagion illyricum alliance. -Vegetatio, 81: 169-180.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 116

91L0PAL.CLASS.: 41.2AIllyrian oak –hornbeam forests (Erythronio-Carpinion)1) Forests of Quercus robur or Q. petraea, sometimes Q. cerris, and Carpinus betulus on bothcalcareous and siliceous bedrocks, mostly on deep neutral to slightly acidic brown forest soils, withmild humus in the SE-Alpine-Dinaric region, West- and Central Balkans extending northwards toLake Balaton mostly in hilly and submontane regions, river valleys and the plains of the Drava andSava. The climate is more continental than in sub-Mediterranean regions and warmer than inmiddle Europe; these forests are intermediate between oak-hornbeam woods (e.g. 9170) of centralEurope and those of the Balkans and merge northwards into the Pannonic oak woods (91G0). Theyhave a much higher species richness than the Central European oak woods. Outliers of these forestsalso occur in Frioul and the northern Apennines.2) Plants:.Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. cerris, Carpinus betulus, Acer tataricum, Tilia tomentosa,Castanea sativa, Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. pannonica, Euonymus verrucosa, Loniceracaprifolium, Adoxa moschatellina Cyclamen purpurascens, Dentaria pentaphyllos, Epimediumalpinum, Erythronium dens-canis, Knautia drymeia, Helleborus macranthus, H. dumetorum ssp.atrorubens, H. cyclophyllus, , Asperula taurina, Lathyrus venetus, Potentilla micrantha, Dianthusbarbatus, Luzula forsteri, Primula vulgaris, Pseudostellaria europaea, Ruscus aculeatus, Tamuscommunis.5) Borhidi, A. (1967). Die geobotanischen Verhältnisse der Eichen-Hainbuchenwälder Südosteuropas.Feddes Repert. 77: 296-316.Borhidi, A. & Kevey, B. (1996). An annotated checklist of the Hungarian plant communities. II. Theforest vegetation. In: Borhidi, A. (ed.): Critical Revision of the Hungarian Plant Communities. JanusPannonius Univ. Pécs, 95-138.Marinecek, L. (1994). Zur Nomenklatur der Hainbuchenwälder des Erythronio-Carpinion. Simpozij-Pevalek (Zagreb): 57-6291M0PAL.CLASS.: 41.76Pannonian-Balkanic turkey oak- sessile oak forests1) Sub-continental thermo-xerophile Quercus cerris, Q. petraea or Q. frainetto and related deciduousoaks, locally of Q. pedunculiflora or Q. virgiliana forests of the Pannonic, hills and plains ofwestern and southern Romania, northern Balcanic hilly regions and of the supra-Mediterraneanlevel of continental north east Greece, and of supra-Mediterranean Anatolia and in lowermountains with the continental Acer tataricum. Distributed generally between 250 and 600 (800) mabove sea level and developed on varied substrates: limestones, andesites, basalt, loess, clay,sand, etc., on slightly acidic, usually deep brown soils2) Plants:. Quercus petraea Q. dalechampii, Q. polycarpa, Q. cerris, Q. frainetto, Acer tataricum,Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, Tilia tomentosa, Ligustrum vulgare, Euonymus europaeus,Festuca heterophylla, Carex montana, Poa nemoralis, Potentilla alba, Potentilla micrantha,Tanacetum corymbosum, Campanula persicifolia, Digitalis grandiflora, Vicia cassubica, Viscariavulgaris, Lychnis coronaria, Achillea distans, Achillea nobilis, Silene nutans, S. viridiflora,Hieracium racemosum, H. sabaudum, Galium schultesii, Lathyrus niger, Veratrum nigrum,Asphodelus albus, Peucedanum oreoselinum, Helleborus odorus, Luzula forsteri, Physospermumaquilegifolium, Molinia litoralis, Carex praecox, Pulmonaria molli, Melittis melisophyllum,Glechoma hirsuta, Geum urbanum, Genista tinctoria, Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum (synBuglossoides purpurocaerulea), Trachistemon orientale, Daphne pontica, Calluna vulgaris,Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 117

Primula acaulis ssp rubra, Epimedium pubigerum, Cyclamen coum, Nectaroscordum siculum,Galanthus plicatus.5) Bondev I. (1991).The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1: 600 000 with explanatory text. St. Kl. OhridskyUniv. Press, Sofia .(in Bulgarian)Borhidi, A. (1996). A critical revision of the Hungarian plant communities. – Janus PannoniusUniversity, Pécs, 138 pp.Borhidi A. and Sánta A. (eds.) (1999). Vörös Könyv Magyarország növénytársulásairól. 1-2.kötet. (Red Book of Hungarian plant communities. Vol. 1-2.) - TermészetBÚVÁR AlapítványKiadó, Budapest. 768 pp. (in Hungarian).Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Horánszky, A. (1964). Die Wälder des Szentendre-Visegráder Gebirges. - Akadémiai Kiadó,Budapest. Pócs, T., Domokos, É., Pócs-Gelencsér, I. & Vida, G. (1958): Vegetationsstudien inŐrség (Ungarisches Ostalpenvorland). - Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.Jordanov, D., (1939). The vegetation of the Bulgarian part of the Stranja Mts.Proceed. of SofiaUniv., Faculty of Physics and Matematics, 34.3:409-476; 35, 3:1-90. .(in Bulgarian)Simon, T. (1979). Vegetationsuntersuchungen im Zempléner Gebirge. - Akadémiai Kiadó,Budapest.91N0PAL.CLASS.: 41.87*Pannonic inland sand dune thicket (Junipero-Populetumalbae)1) Xerophilous mosaic of open scrub or open woodlands with Juniperus communis and Populusspecies and open or closed sand steppe grasslands of sands, particularly sand dunes, of the Danube-Tisza confluence of the Pannonic plain. Woodland herbaceous species are lacking and the habitat ingeneral more closely resembles semi-desert scrub than steppe woodland.2) Plants:. Populus alba, P. canescens, P. nigra, Juniperus communis, Ligustrum vulgare, Rhamnuscatharticus, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Prunus mahaleb, Rubus caesius, Euonymusverrucosus, Berberis vulgaris., Festuca vaginata, Syntrichia spp., Fumana procumbens, Euphorbiaseguieriana, Polygonatum odoratum, Poa angustifolia, Koeleria glauca, Stipa joannis, Bromustectorum, Epipactis bugacensis, E. atrorubens, Cephalanthera rubra5) Altbacker, V. (1998). Növényevő emlősök és a vegetáció kapcsolatának vizsgálata homokitársulásokban. (A study of the relationship between herbivores and the vegetation in sandcommunities.) - pp. 125-143 in: Fekete, G. (ed.): A közösségi ökológia frontvonalai. (Frontiers incommunities ecology.). Scientia Kiadó, Budapest (in Hungarian).Borhidi, A. (1996). Critical revision of the Hungarian plant communities, Janus PannoniusUniversity, Pécs, p. 138.Borhidi A. & Sánta A. (eds.) (1999). Vörös Könyv Magyarország növénytársulásairól. 1-2. kötet.(Red Book of Hungarian plant communities. Vol. 1-2.) - TermészetBÚVÁR Alapítvány Kiadó,Budapest. 768 pp. (in Hungarian).Fekete, G., Molnár, Zs. & Horváth, F. (eds.) (1997). Nemzeti Biodiverzitás-monitorozóRendszer II. A magyarországi élőhelyek leírása és határozója és a Nemzeti Élőhely-osztályozásiRendszer. (National Biodiversity Monitoring System II. Description and identification key ofHungarian habitats, and the National Habitat Classification System.) - The Hungarian NaturalHistory Museum, Budapest, pp. 374. (in Hungarian).Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 118

91P0PAL.CLASS.: 42.134Holy Cross fir forests (Abietetum polonicum)1) Upland fir, or fir-dominated fir-spruce or fir-pine-oak forests developed on mesotrophic acid soils ofLittle-Poland, in particular of the Holy Cross mountains and of sub-Carpathic hills. They are rich inferns, bryophytes and lowland forest species shared with deciduous forests of the Tilio-Carpinetum.2) Plants:. Abies alba, Fagus silvatica, Quercus robur, Quercus sessilis, Pinus silvestris, Betulaverrucosa, Populus tremula, Picea excelsa, Alnus glutinosa, Sambucus racemosa, Rubus idaes,Dryopteris austriaca, Athyrium filix-femina, Phegopteris dryopteris, Phegopteris polypodioides,Lycopodium annotinum, Hylocomium splendens, Polytrichum formosum, Majanthemum bifolium,Rubus cfr. hirsutus, Galeobdolon luteum, Oxalis acetosella, Luzula pilosa.91Q0PAL.CLASS.: 42.542, 42.5C8Western Carpathian calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests1) Isolated, calcicolous Pinus sylvestris forests of the western Carpathians limited to a few smallenclaves in the Strazov mountains, the Velka Fatra, the Pienini, the inner-Carpathian basins and theErzgebirge. Erica herbacea and Polygala chamaebuxus are absent and the undergrowth includes anumber of species of continental distribution and xerothermic affinities including western Carpathianendemics. Related communities in the eastern Carpathians (42.5C8) are also considered to be thishabitat type2) Plants:.Pinus sylvestris, Linum flavum, Carex humilis, Carex alba, Calamagrostis varia, Pulsatillaslavica, Thymus carpathicus, Primula auricula ssp. hungarica, Globularia aphyllanthes, Campanulacarpatica, Festuca tatrae, Dianthus nitidus, D. praecox, Festuca tatrae, Cyanus triumfettii ssp.dominii, Minuartia langii, Soldanella carpatica, Campanula carpatica, C. serrata, Gentianellafatrae, G. lutescens subsp. carpatica, Koeleria tristis, Thymus pulcherrimus ssp. sudeticus, Irisaphylla ssp. Hungarica3) Corresponding categoriesRomanian classification: “ R4215 Pãduri sud-est carpatice de pin silvestru (Pinus sylvestris) cuSesleria rigida ”5) Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)91R0PAL.CLASS.: 42.5C52Dinaric dolomite Scots pine forests (Genisto januensis-Pinetum)1) Pinus sylvestris woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides. They are developedwithin the Illyrian beech forest zone (91K0) and often occupy somewhat higher elevations than thesimilar dolomite Pinus nigra woods of unit 42.6214.2) Plants:. Pinus sylvestris, Erica herbacea, E. carnea, Galium lucidum, Genista januensis, Aquilegiavulgaris, Buphthalmum salicifolium, Teucrium chamaedrys, Carex humilis, Anthericum ramosum,Cyclamen purpurascens, Polygala chamaebuxus, Hepatica nobilis, Geranium sanguineum,Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus, Epipactis atrorubens, Carex alba.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 119

91S0PAL.CLASS.: 41.1E1*Western Pontic beech forests1) Fagus orientalis forests of the Western Pontic range, the Strandja-Istranka mountains and theEastern Balkan Range. The understory is typically rich in laurophyllous shrubs of euxinianaffinities such as Rhododendron ponticum, Daphne pontica, Laurocerasus officinalis, Ilexcolchica, Ruscus hypoglossum, Vaccinium arctostaphylos and with the euxinian herbaceous speciessuch as Primula acaulis ssp. rubra, Trachyistemon orientalis, Teucrium lamifolium Cyclamencoum and Epimedium pubigerum.In the Eastern Balkan Range the laurophylous shrubs are not present and the most characteristictaxa are Primula acaulis ssp. rubra and Trachystemon orientalis.2) Plants: Fagus orientalis, Quercus polycarpa Daphne pontica, Ilex colchica, Laurocerasus officinalis,Prunus laurocerasus, Rhododendron ponticum, Ruscus hypoglossum, Cyclamen coum, Epimediumpubigerum, Festuca drymeja, Hedera helix, Hypericum androsaemum, Primula acaulis ssp. rubra,Teucrium lamifolium, Trachystemon orientalis5) Bondev, I. (1991). The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1:600000 with explanatory text. St. KlimentOhridski University Press, Sofia : 183p. (in Bulgarian)Horvat, I., Glavac, H. & H. Ellenberg, (1974). Vegetation Sudosteuropas. Gustav Fisher Verl.Jena : 767p.Jordanov, D. (1939). Vegetation of the Bulgarian part of Stranja mountain. Godishnik na Sof.Univ., 34, 3 : 409-476; 35, 3 : 1-90. (In Bulgarian.)Tzonev, R., Dimitrov, M., Chytry, M., Roussakova, V., Dimova, D., Gussev, C., Pavlov, D.,Vulchev, V., Vitkova, A., Gogushev, G., Nikolov, I., Borisova, D., Ganeva, A. (2006). Beechforests communities in Bulgaria. Phytocoenologia, Stuttgard, 3291T0PAL.CLASS.: 42.52112, 61.15pCentral European lichen pine forests1) Natural lichen-rich acidophilous Pinus sylvestris forests belonging to the alliance Dicrano-Pinionoccurring on inland nutrient poor sands of the north-eastern plains and hills of Central Europe and ofthe nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region. The trees are low growing as the soils arenutrient deficient and subject to drought stress2) Plants: Pinus sylvestris, Juniperus communis, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia silvatica,Ptilidium ciliare4) These forests are often a characteristic stage of natural succession on inland dunes (61.15), standsof plantation origin should not be included. Similar woodlands on coastal sand dunes should beregarded as '2180 Wooded dunes of the Atlantic, Continental and Boreal region'.91U0PAL.CLASS.: 42.5232Sarmatic steppe pine forests (Cytiso-Pinetalia)Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 120

1) Xerophilous Scots pine woods of the Sarmatic region of western Eurasia and of areas with anextremely continental micro climate in northeastern Central and Eastern Europe. Towards itswestern limit this habitat is restricted to well drained habitats such as inland dunes and cliffs. Thereare many relict species of continental origin. Syntaxa included are the Anemono-Picetum sylvestris,Peucedano-Pinetum, Koelerio glaucae-Pinetum sylvestris, Caragano-Pinetum, Pyrolo-Pinetumsylvestris (p.) & Corynephoro-Pinetum sylvestris.2) Plants: Pinus sylvestris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Pyrola minor, Orthilia minor, Chimaphilla umbellata,Ophrys insectifera, Coronilla vaginalis, Globularia punctata, Brachypodium pinnatum.3) Corresponding categoriesCzech classification: L8.2 Lesostepní bory91V0PAL.CLASS.: 41.1D2Dacian Beech forests (Symphyto-Fagion)1)Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba-Picea abies and Fagussylvatica-Carpinus betula forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathianmountains and pre-Carpathian hills of the alliance Symphyto cordati-Fagion, with typicalFagetalia species, developed on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates.2) Plants:. Symphytum cordatum, Cardamine glanduligera (syn Dentaria glandulosa), Hepaticatranssilvanica, Pulmonaria rubra, Leucanthemum waldsteinii, Silene heuffelii, Ranunculuscarpaticus, Euphorbia carniolica, Aconitum moldavicum, Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii,Primula elatior ssp. leucophylla, Hieracium rotundatum, Galium kitaibelianum, Moehringiapendula, Festuca drymeja5) Coldea G.H. (1991). Prodrome des associations vegetales des Carpates du sud-est (CarpatesRoumaines). Documents Phytosociologiques, CamerinoDoniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)91W0PAL.CLASS.: 41.19Moesian beech forests1) Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides, theMoeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonids and the Rhodopids of the alliance Doronicoorientalis-Fagion moesiaci (syn Fagion moesiacum). Fagus sylvatica is accompanied, at the higheraltitudes and latitudes, by Abies alba and Picea abies. The forests have, even in the south of theirrange, a pronounced medio-European character, marked by the frequency of species such as Acerpseudoplatanus, Quercus petraea, Fragaria vesca, & Oxalis acetosella.2) Plants: Fagus moesiaca, Fagus sylvatica, Luzula luzuloides, Luzula sylvatica, Lerchenfeldiaflexuosa, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Prenanthes purpurea, Festuca drymea, Dicranumscoparium, Galium odoratum, Cardamine bulbifera, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Impatiens nolitangere,Pulmonaria rubra, Mercurialis perennis, Symphytum tuberosum, Sanicula europea,Lunaria rediviva, Oxalis acetosella, Allium ursinumInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 121

5) Bondev, I.. (1991). The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1:600000 with explanatory text. St. KlimentOhridski University Press, Sofia : 183p. (in Bulgarian)Horvat, I., Glavac, H. & H. Ellenberg. (1974). Vegetation Sudosteuropas. Gustav Fisher Verl.Jena : 767p.Michalik, S. (1990) Plant communities in the Boatin biosphere reserve on the northern slopes ofthe Stara Planina mountains. Ochrony przyrody 47 9-3691X0PAL.CLASS.: 41.1F*Dobrogean Beech forests1) Relict beech forests of the Macin Mountains, of extremely insular distribution, isolated within thesteppe climate of the Romanian Dobrogea, far from the main beech regions of the Carpathians withFagetalia species and southern European species in the herb layer.2) Plants:. Fagus sylvatica, F. taurica (syn F. taurica var. dobrogica), Tilia tomentosa, T. cordata,Carpinus betulus, Populus tremula, Ulmus glabra, Potentilla micrantha, Scutellaria altissima,Carex pilosa, Cystopteris fragilis, Carpesium cernuum, Melica uniflora, Milium effusum,Polygonatum multiflorum, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Bromus ramosus, Stacys sylvatica.5) Dihoru, G. (1962). Insula de fagi din Dobrogea. Natura-ser. Biol. 3:49-52.91Y0PAL.CLASS.: 41.2CDacian oak & hornbeam forests1) Forests of Carpinus betulus and various Quercus species, of the flanks and piedmont of the easternand southern Carpathians and of the plateaux of western Ukraine; azonal, often isolated oakhornbeamwoods of the Moesian Quercion frainetto zone, of the eastern Pannonic and westernPontic steppe woods zone and of the pre-Pontic hills of southeastern Europe. They arecharacterized by an admixture of sub-Mediterranean Quercion frainetto species, and, in the east, ofEuxinian species.2) Plants:., Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Q petraea, Q dalechampii, Quercus cerris, Quercusfrainetto, Tilia tomentosa, Pyrus eleagrifolia, P. malus, Acer stevenii, Lonicera caprifolium,Cotinus coggygria, Stellaria holostea, Carex pilosa, C. brevicollis, Carpesium cernuum, Dentariabulbifera, Galium schultesii, Festuca heterophylla, Ranunculus auricomus, Lathyrus hallersteinii,Melampyrum bihariense, Aposeris foetida, Helleborus odorus.5) Donita N, Ivan D, Coldea G, Sanda V, Popescu A, Chifu T, Pauca-Comanescu M, Mititelu D& Boscaiu N (1992). Vegetatia României. Ed.Tech.Agr.Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 122

91Z0PAL.CLASS.: 41.841Moesian Silver lime woods1) Tilia tomentosa dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of Southern Central Europe and thenorthern and middle part of the Balkan Peninsula, mostly within the range of Quercion frainetto,but also locally developed in conjunction with eastern Carpinion betuli forests, in particular Tiliatomentosa woods of the Carpinus betulus - Quercus petraea belt of Bulgaria.Located mainly on the northern slopes of the foothills in connection with acidic soils and high soilmoisture, they usually form monodominant communities with an impressive aroma whenflowering.In the spring rich undergrowth is formed by Coridalis cava, Coridallis solida, Scilla bifolia,Erytronium dens-canis, Ficaria verna. Carex sylvatica is a common species in the summer.2) Plants: Tilia tomentosa , Coridallis solida, Scilla bifolia, Erytronium dens-canis, Ficaria verna,Carex sylvatica.5) Bondev, I. (1991). The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1:600000 with explanatory text. St. KlimentOhridski University Press, Sofia : 183p. (in Bulgarian)Horvat, I., Glavac, H. & H. Ellenberg, (1974). Vegetation Sudosteuropas. Gustav Fisher Verl.Jena : 767p.91AA*Eastern white oak woodsPAL.CLASS.: 41.7371, 41.73721) Azonal white-oak dominated woods with a submediterranean flora, occupying thermic oases withinthe sub-continental Quercion frainetto and Carpinion illyricum zones.Includes the subtypes:41.7371 Thracian white oak-oriental hornbeam woodsQuercus pubescens - Quercus virgiliana woods of the Black Sea plains and hills of Turkey inEurope, and of the northern Thracian plain of southern and southeastern Bulgaria, where theyare represented by mostly insular patches, particularly in the middle Maritsa and Tundja hills,the eastern and northern Rhodope foothills. The oaks are accompanied by Carpinus orientalis,Fraxinus ornus, Acer campestre or Tilia tomentosa and by sub-Mediterranean floral elements.41.7372 Moesian white oak woodsThermophilous, sub-Mediterranean Quercus pubescens and Quercus virgiliana woods of thesouthern Dinarides, the Balkan Range, and neighbouring regions including south eastern andsouthern Romania.2) Plants : Quercus pubescens, Q. virgiliana, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Carpinusbetulus, Fraxinus ornus, Galium dasypodium, Paeonia peregrina5) Bondev, I. (1991). The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1:600000 with explanatory text. St. KlimentOhridski University Press, Sofia : 183p. (in Bulgarian)Doniţă, N., Popescu, A., Paucă-Comănescu, M., Mihăilescu, S., Biriş, I.A. (2005). Habitateledin România. Edit. Tehnică Silvică, Bucureşti, 500 p. (ISBN 973-96001-4-X)Horvat, I., Glavac, H. & H. Ellenberg, (1974). Vegetation Sudosteuropas. Gustav Fisher Verl.Jena : 767p.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 123

91BAPAL.CLASS.: 42.16Moesian silver fir forests1) Forests of Abies alba or of Abies alba mixed with Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris orPinus nigra of the Rhodopides, the Balkan Range and the Meso-Macedonian mountains within thegeographical range of Fagion moesiacum forests.Located mainly on the northern slopes of the mountains on acidic well-drained soils with highmoisture, they occur as a relatively thin line between the beech and the coniferous vegetation belts.Sub-types:42.1612 Rhodope fir forests42.1613 Western Rhodopide fir forests42.162 Moeso-Macedonian fir forests42.163 Balkan Range fir forests2) Plants: Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris5) Bondev, I. 1991. The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1:600000 with explanatory text. St. KlimentOhridski University Press, Sofia : 183p. (in Bulgarian)Horvat, I., Glavac, H. & H. Ellenberg, 1974. Vegetation Sudosteuropas. Gustav Fisher Verl. Jena :767p.91CAPAL.CLASS.: 42.5C2, 42.5C3Rhodopide and Balkan Range Scots pine forests1) Forests dominated by Pinus sylvestris mainly on the southern slopes of the mountains of Rhodope,Rila, Pirin, Ossogovo and Balkan Range (North Central and NorthEast Greek mountains to Pieria),on both relatively dry siliceous and calcareous soils.Pinus sylvestris communities are usually monodominant but accompaning species can includePinus nigra ssp. palassiana, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica and Betula pendula. Shrubs and smallshrubs are represented by Juniperus communis, Chamaecytisus absinthioides, Vaccinium vitisidaeaand Vaccinium myrtillus.In the herb layer characteristic species include Calamagrostis arundinacea, Brachypodiumpinnatum, Sesleria latifolia, Luzula sylvatica and Pteridium aquilinum.Sub-types:42.5C2 Rhodopide Scots pine forests42.5C3 Balkan Range Scots pine forests2) Plants: Pinus sylvestris, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Brachypodium pinnatum, Sesleria latifolia,Luzula sylvatica, Pteridium aquilinum.5) Bondev, I. 1991. The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1:600000 with explanatory text. St. KlimentOhridski University Press, Sofia : 183p. (in Bulgarian)Horvat, I., Glavac, H. & H. Ellenberg, 1974. Vegetation Sudosteuropas. Gustav Fisher Verl. Jena: 767p.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 124

Mediterranean deciduous forests9210 * Apennine beech forests with Taxus and IlexPAL.CLASS.: 41.181, 41.185 and 41.1861) Thermophilous beech forests, highly fragmented and harbouring many endemics, with Taxus baccataand Ilex aquifolium (Geranio nodosi-Fagion, Geranio striati-Fagion).This habitat type includes: Monte Gargano Foresta Umbra, rich in Taxus baccata (41.181);silicicolous beech forests of the Aspromonte range of Calabria with Taxus baccata, Populus tremula,Sorbus aucuparia and Betula pendula (41.185); Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi and,very locally, the monti Peloritani, with Ilex aquifolium, Daphne laureola, Crataegus monogyna andPrunus spinosa (41.186).2) Plants: Fagus sylvaticus, Ilex aquifolium, Taxus baccata.9220 * Apennine beech forests with Abies alba and beechforests with Abies nebrodensisPAL.CLASS.: 41.186 and 41.1871) Beech forests of the hill level, on sites colder than those of 41.181, highly fragmented and harbouringmany endemics, with Abies alba and Abies nebrodensis (Geranio nodosi-Fagion, Geraniostriati-Fagion). Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi and, very locally, the monti Peloritani,with Ilex aquifolium, Daphne laureola, Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa (41.186); isolatedbeech forests of Mount Etna, at the southern limit of the range of the species (41.187).2) Plants: Abies alba, *A. nebrodensis, Fagus sylvatica.9230 Galicio-Portuguese oak woods with Quercus robur andQuercus pyrenaicaPAL.CLASS.: 41.61) Quercus pyrenaica -dominated forests (Quercion robori-pyrenaicae).Sub-types :41.61 - Central Iberian Quercus pyrenaica forestsSupra- and sometimes meso-Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica forests of western Iberia, theLeonese interior, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Montes de Toledo and the SierraMorena.41.62 - Cantabrian Quercus pyrenaica forestsMelampyro pratense-Quercetum pyrenaicae, Linario triornithophorae-Quercetum pyrenaicaeQuercus pyrenaica formations of medio-European character, of the collinar and montane levelsof the Cantabrian chain and its satellite ranges west to the Sierra de Picos de Ancares in Galicia,characteristic of areas with comparatively low precipitation, in the rain shadow of the coastwardranges or the interior oro-Cantabrian hills.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 125

41.63 - Maestrazgan Quercus pyrenaica forestsCephalanthero rubrae-Quercetum pyrenaicaeQuercus pyrenaica forests of the sub-Mediterranean siliceous enclaves of the Maestrazgo andeastern Catalonian ranges, reduced to a very few relicts in the Penagolosa and Prades massifs.41.64 - Baetic Quercus pyrenaica forestsAdenocarpo decorticantis- Quercetum pyrenaicaeQuercus pyrenaica forests of siliceous supra-Mediterranean areas with sub-humid climate of thewestern Sierra Nevada, the Sierra de Alfacar, the northern flanks of the Sierra de Cazulas andthe Sierra Tejeda; in more humid locations Fraxinus angustifolius and Acer granatenseaccompany Q. pyrenaica.41.65 - French Quercus pyrenaica forestsBetulo-Quercetum pyrenaica i. a.Quercus pyrenaica forests of south-western France north to the Sologne where they constituterelatively extensive formations on poor soils, with Betula pendula, Lonicera periclymenum,Deschampsia flexuosa, Holcus mollis, Molinia caerulea, Teucrium scorodonia.2) Plants: Quercus pyrenaica, Q. robur.9240 Quercus faginea and Quercus canariensis IberianwoodsPAL.CLASS.: 41.771) Forests and woods dominated by Quercus faginea, Quercus canariensis or Quercus afares. Thehumid formations of south-western Iberia (41.772 and 41.773) are forest types of unique characterin Europe and of extreme biological importance.Sub-types :41.771- Spanish Quercus faginea forestsSpiraeo obovatae-Quercetum fagineae, Cephalanthero longifoliae-Quercetum fagineae, Violowilkommii-Quercetum fagineae, Daphno latifoliae-Aceretum granatensis, Fraxino orni-Quercetum fagineaeXero-mesophile Quercus faginea formations of slopes and plateaux of middle elevations of theSpanish Meseta and associated ranges.41.772 - Portuguese Quercus faginea forestsArisaro-Quercetum fagineaeHumid, epiphyte-clad, dense, relict Quercus faginea forests of Portugal, restricted to a very fewisolated localities.41.773 -Andalusian Quercus canariensis forestsRusco hypophylli-Quercetum canariensisHumid and hyper-humid, luxuriant Quercus canariensis forests of the sierras of extremesouthern Spain, limited to the Aljibe and a very few localities in the Serrania de Ronda.41.774 - Catalonian Quercus canariensis standsCarici depressae-Quercetum canariensisFormations of Catalonia rich in Quercus canariensis.41.775 - Balearic Quercus faginea woodsAceri-Quercetum fagineae p.Relict formations of Mallorca dominated by, or rich in, Quercus faginea.2) Plants: Quercus faginea, Q. canariensis.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 126

9250 Quercus trojana woodsPAL.CLASS.: 41.781) Supra-Mediterranean, and occasionally meso-Mediterranean woods dominated by the semideciduousQuercus trojana or its allies (Quercetum trojanae).Sub-types :41.781 - Helleno-Balkanic Trojan oak woodsUsually low formations dominated by Quercus trojana, often with junipers or maples, ofMacedonia, Thrace and Thessaly, north to Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania and the Vardarvalley of Paeonia.41.782 - Apulian Trojan oak woodsRelict woods, sometimes of considerable height, of Quercus trojana and Q. pubescens, oftenwith an admixture of Q. ilex and its associated vegetation (Murge: e.g. bosco delle Pianelle,foresta Gaglione).2) Plants: Quercus trojana.9260 Castanea sativa woodsPAL.CLASS.: 41.91) Supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Castanea sativa-dominated forests and oldestablished plantations with semi-natural undergrowth.2) Plants: Castanea sativa.9270 Hellenic beech forests with Abies borisii-regisPAL.CLASS.: 41.1A1) Fagus sylvatica forests with reduced medio-European character and high endemism, characterisedby the presence of Abies borisii-regis, Doronicum caucasicum, Galium laconicum, Lathyrusvenetus, Helleborus cyclophyllus (Fagion hellenicum).2) Plants: Fagus sylvatica, Abies borisii-regis.9280 Quercus frainetto woodsPAL.CLASS.: 41.1B1) Fagus sylvatica or Fagus moesiaca forests, more thermophile than those of 41.19 and 41.1A,occurring in the transition zone between the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels, characterisedby the presence of numerous species of the Quercion frainetto.2) Plants: Fagus sylvatica, Quercus frainetto.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 127

9290 Cupressus forests (Acero-Cupression)PAL.CLASS.: 42.A11) Montane forests of the Mediterranean basin, dominated by Cupressus sempervirens, Cupressusatlantica or Cupressus dupreziana (Acero-Cupression).2) Plants: Cupressus sempervirens.92A0PAL.CLASS.: 44.141, 44.162 and 44.6Salix alba and Populus alba galleries1) Riparian forests of the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins dominated by Salix alba, Salix fragilisor their relatives (44.141). Mediterranean and Central Eurasian multi-layered riverine forests withPopulus spp., Ulmus spp., Salix spp., Alnus spp., Acer spp., Tamarix spp., Juglans regia, Quercusrobur, Quercus pedunculiflora, Fraxinus angustifolia, Fraxinus pallisiae, lianas. Tall poplars,Populus alba, Populus caspica, Populus euphratica (Populus diversifolia), are usually dominant inheight; they may be absent or sparse in some associations which are then dominated by species ofthe genera listed above (44.6).2) Plants: Salix alba, Populus alba.92B0PAL.CLASS.: 44.52 and 44.54Riparian formations on intermittent Mediterraneanwater courses with Rhododendron ponticum, Salix andothers1) Distinctive, relict thermo- and meso-Mediterranean alder galleries of deep, steep-sided valleys,with Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum, Frangula alnus ssp. baetica, Arisarum proboscideumand a rich fern community including Pteris incompleta, Diplazium caudatum, #Culcita macrocarpa(44.52).Relict Betula parvibracteata riparian galleries. The dominant species, an extremely local endemic,is accompanied by Myrica gale, Frangula alnus, Salix atrocinerea, Galium broterianum, Scillaramburei (44.54).2) Plants: Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum, Frangula alnus ssp. baetica, Arisarumproboscideum, Betula parvibracteata.4) The Rhododendron-alder galleries are often in contact with humid to hyper-humid Quercuscanariensis forests (41.773) and with Salix pedicellata formations (44.1271).Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 128

92C0PAL.CLASS.: 44.71 and 44.72Platanus orientalis and Liquidambar orientalis woods(Plantanion orientalis)1) Forests and woods, for the most part riparian, dominated by Platanus orientalis (oriental plane) orLiquidambar orientalis (sweet gum), belonging to the Platanion orientalis alliance.Sub-types :44.71 - Oriental plane woods (Platanion orientalis)Forests of Platanus orientalis.44.711 - Helleno-Balkanic riparian plane forestsPlatanus orientalis gallery forests of Greek and southern Balkanic watercourses,temporary rivers and gorges; they are distributed throughout the mainland andarchipelagos, colonising poorly stabilised alluvial deposits of large rivers, gravel orboulder deposits of permanent or temporary torrents, spring basins, and particularly, thebottom of steep, shady gorges, where they constitute species-rich communities. Theaccompanying flora may include Salix alba, S. elaeagnos, S. purpurea, Alnus glutinosa,Cercis siliquastrum, Celtis australis, Populus alba, P. nigra, Juglans regia, Fraxinusornus, Alnus glutinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguinea, Ruscus aculeatus, Vitexagnus-castus, Nerium oleander, Rubus spp., Rosa sempervirens, Hedera helix, Clematisvitalba, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris, Ranunculus ficaria, Anemone blanda, Aristolochiarotunda, Saponaria officinalis, Symphytum bulbosum, Hypericum hircinum, Calaminthagrandiflora, Melissa officinalis, Helleborus cyclophyllus, Cyclamen hederifolium, C.repandum, C. creticum, Galanthus nivalis ssp. reginae-olgae, Dracunculus vulgaris,Arum italicum, Biarum tenuifolium, Brachypodium sylvaticum, Dactylis glomerata andmay be rich in mosses, lichens and ferns, among which Pteridium aquilinum is oftenabundant. Various associations have been described, reflecting regional and ecologicalvariation in the composition of the undergrowth. The plane tree galleries are particularlywell represented along the Ionian coast and in the Pindus; other important localcomplexes exist in Macedonia, in Thrace, around the Olympus massif, in the Pelion, inthe Peloponnese, particularly in the Taygetos, where luxuriant gorge forests reach 1300m,in Euboea and in Crete; local, distinctive, representatives occur in other Aegean islands,such as Rhodes, Samos, Samothrace, Thasos. Restriction to gorges is increasinglypronounced towards the south.44.712 - Hellenic slope plane woodsPlatanus orientalis woods on colluvions, detritus cones, ravine sides or other poorlystabilised substrates, of Greece.44.713 - Sicilian plane tree canyonsRelict Platanus orientalis-dominated or P. orientalis -rich galleries of the Cassabile, theAnapo, the Irminio and the Carbo rivers, in the Iblei range of south-eastern Sicily, of thegorge of the Sirmeto, in the vicinity of the Nebrodi. Some of these formations, inparticular, in the gorges of the Cassabile and of the Anapo, are true plane tree woods.Others, such as on the Sirmeto, are Populus alba, Fraxinus angustifolia, Salix spp.formations with Platanus orientalis; as they grade into each other, and because of thevery isolated occurrence, and great biogeographical and historical interest of Platanusorientalis in Sicily, they are all listed here. Plane tree woods have had a much greaterextension in Sicily and probably in Calabria. A large forest has, in particular, existed onthe Alcantara, where the species is now extinct.44.72 - Sweet gum woodsRiverine forests dominated by the Tertiary relict Liquidambar orientalis, with very limitedrange in south Asia Minor and Rhodes.44.721 - Rhodian sweet gum woodsLiquidambar orientalis gallery forest of the Petaloudhes Valley, on Rhodes, with poorlydeveloped undergrowth and a ground layer dominated by Adiantum capillus-veneris in dampInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 129

areas. This forest constitutes the only European formation of this species and harbours theunique, concentrated aggregation of Jersey Tiger Moths, Panaxia quadripunctaria.2) Plants: Platanus orientalis, Liquidambar orientalis.92D0PAL.CLASS.: 44.81 to 44.84Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae)1) Tamarisk, oleander, and chaste tree galleries and thickets and similar low ligneous formations ofpermanent or temporary streams and wetlands of the thermo-Mediterranean zone and south-westernIberia, and of the most hygromorphic locations within the Saharo-Mediterranean and Saharo-Sindian zones. Includes formations of Tamarix smyrnensis (syn. Tamarix ramossissima) of streamsides and coastal localities of the Pontic and Steppic regions of western Eurasia.The formations with Tamarix africana should not be taken into account.2) Plants: Nerium oleander, Vitex agnus-castus, Tamarix spp., Securinega tinctoria, Prunuslusitanica, Viburnum tinus.Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests9310 Aegean Quercus brachyphylla forestsPAL.CLASS.: 41.7351) Stands of Quercus brachyphylla, often associated with Quercus macrolepis or Q. ilex.2) Plants: Quercus brachyphylla.9320 Olea and Ceratonia forestsPAL.CLASS.: 45.11) Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian woodland dominated by arborescent Olea europaeassp. sylvestris, Ceratonia siliqua, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis or, in the Canary Islands, byOlea europaea ssp. cerasiformis and Pistacia atlantica. Most formations will be listed asarborescent matorral (35.12), but a few stands may have a sufficiently tall, closed canopy to qualifyfor this unit.Sub-types :45.11 - Wild olive woodlandOlea europaea ssp. sylvestris - dominated formations. A climax olive forest, with Ceratoniasiliqua and Pistacia lentiscus exists on the north flank of Djebel Ichkeul in northern Tunisia.Elsewhere, the communities most resembling olive forest are found in southern Andalusia(Tamo communis-Oleetum sylvestris: extinct?), in Menorca (Prasio majoris-Oleetum sylvestris),Sardinia, Sicily, Calabria, Crete.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 130

45.12 - Carob woodlandCeratonia siliqua - dominated formations, often with Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris and Pistacialentiscus. The most developed examples, some truly forest-like, are to be found in Tunisia, onthe slopes of the Djebel, where they constitute carob-dominated facies of the wild olivewoodlands (45.11), in Mallorca (Cneoro tricocci-Ceratonietum siliquae), in eastern Sardinia, insouth-eastern Sicily, in Puglia, in Crete.45.13 - Canarian olive woodlandOlea europaea ssp. cerasiformis and Pistacia atlantica formations of the Canary Islands.2) Plants: Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris, Ceratonia siliqua, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Oleaeuropaea ssp. cerasiformis, Pistacia atlantica.9330 Quercus suber forestsPAL.CLASS.: 45.21) West-Mediterranean silicicolous forests dominated by Quercus suber, usually more thermophileand hygrophile than 45.3.Sub-types :45.21 - Tyrrhenian cork-oak forestsQuercion suberisMostly meso-Mediterranean Quercus suber forests of Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Franceand north-eastern Spain. They are most often degraded to arborescent matorral (32.11).45.22 - South-western Iberian cork-oak forestsQuercion fagineo-suberisQuercus suber forests, often with Q. faginea or Q. canariensis, of the south-western quadrant ofthe Iberian peninsula.45.23 -North-western Iberian cork-oak forestsVery local, exiguous Quercus suber enclaves in the Q. pyrenaica forest area of the valleys ofthe Sil and of the Mino (Galicia).45.24 - Aquitanian cork-oak woodlandIsolated Q. suber-dominated stands occurring either as a facies of dunal pine-cork oak forests orin a very limited area of the eastern Landes.2) Plants: Quercus suber.9340 Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forestsPAL.CLASS.: 45.31) Forests dominated by Quercus ilex or Q. rotundifolia, often, but not necessarily, calcicolous.Sub-types :45.31 - Meso-Mediterranean holm-oak forestsRich meso-Mediterranean formations, penetrating locally, mostly in ravines, into the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They are often degraded to arborescent matorral (32.11), and some of thetypes listed below no longer exist in the fully developed forest state relevant to category 45;they have nevertheless been included, both to provide appropriate codes for use in 32.11, andbecause restoration may be possible.45.32 - Supra-Mediterranean holm-oak forestsFormations of the supra-Mediterranean levels, often mixed with deciduous oaks, Acer spp. orOstrya carpinifolia.45.33 - Aquitanian holm-oak woodlandInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 131

Isolated Quercus ilex-dominated stands occurring as a facies of dunal pine-holm oak forests.45.34 - Quercus rotundifolia woodlandIberian forest communities formed by Q. rotundifolia. Generally, even in mature state, less tall,less luxuriant and drier than the fully developed forests that can be constituted by the closelyrelated Q. ilex, they are, moreover, most often degraded into open woodland or even arborescentmatorral. Species characteristic of the undergrowth are Arbutus unedo, Phillyrea angustifolia,Rhamnus alaternus, Pistacia terebinthus, Rubia peregrina, Jasminum fruticans, Smilax aspera,Lonicera etrusca, L. implexa.2) Plants: Quercus ilex, Q. rotundifolia.9350 Quercus macrolepis forestsPAL.CLASS.: 41.791) Woods dominated by the semi-deciduous Quercus macrolepis, often fairly open, mostly of themeso-Mediterranean zone.Sub-types :41.791 - Hellenic valonia oak woodsQuercus macrolepis formations of continental Greece and its archipelagos, as well as ofadjacent Albania; well developed forests exist, in particular, in the Ionian islands and onLesbos; more modified, grove-like, stands, exist on the maritime slopes of the low mountainsbordering the gulf of Arta and in western Etolia, in the north-western Peloponnese, in Thessaly,in Attica, in Thrace.41.792 - Apulian valonia oak woodsRelict Quercus macrolepis formations of Salento (Tricase).2) Plants: Quercus macrolepis.9360 * Macaronesian laurel forests (Laurus, Ocotea)PAL.CLASS.: 45.61 to 45.631) Humid to hyper-humid, mist-bound, luxuriant, evergreen, lauriphyllous forests of the cloud belt of theMacaronesian islands, extremely rich in floral and faunal species, among which many are restricted tothese communities (Pruno-Lauretalia). Genera such as Picconia, Semele, Gesnouinia,Lactucosonchus, Ixanthus are entirely endemic to these communities, while others, such as Isoplexis,Visnea and Phyllis, reach in them their maximum development; in addition, each of the formations ofthe various archipelagos harbours distinctive endemic species.This habitat type includes:- lauriphyllous forests of the Azores (45.61 Ericetalia azorica p.), where the humid forests of thecoastal areas (Myrico-Pittosporietum undulati p.) have been totally or almost totally degraded, largelyinvaded by the introduced Australian Pittosporum undulatum; a better representation survives of thehyper-humid forests (Culcito-Juniperion brevifoliae p.) of higher elevations;- lauriphyllous forests of Madeira (45.62 Pruno-Lauretalia azorica) still occupying a relatively largesurface, of the order of 10,000 ha ;- lauriphyllous forests of the Canary Islands (45.63 Ixantho-Laurion azoricae); the laurel forests ofeach island harbour a distinctive set of endemic plants and animals, as exemplified by the species ofthe composite genus Pericallis, the well-marked races of the chaffinch Fringilla coelebs or the carabidfauna.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 132

2) Plants: Apollonias barbujana, Ardisia bahamensis, Asparagus fallax, Canarina canariensis, Carexcanariensis, C. eregrina, Clethra arborea, Convolvulus canariensis, Cryptotaenia elegans, Ericaarborea, Euphorbia melifera, #E. stygiana, #Frangula azorica, Geranium canariensis, Heberdeniaexcelsa, Hedera canariensis, Ilex canariensis, I. perado ssp. azorica, I. perado ssp. perado, Isolexiscanariensis, Ixanthus viscosus, Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus azorica, Myrica faya, Ocotea foetens,Persea indica, #Picconia azorica, P. excelsa, *Pittosporum coriaceum, Pleiomeris canariensis(=Myrsine canariensis), Prunus lusitanica, #P. l. ssp. azorica, P. l. ssp. hixa, Rubia peregrina, Rubusbollei, Ruscus streptophyllus, Sambucus lanceolata, *S. palmensis, Semele androgyna, Senecioauritus (=S. maderensis), Sideretis canariensis, S. macrostachys, Smilax aspera, S. canariensis, S.divaricata, Sonchus fruticosus, Tamus edulis, Teline maderensis (=Cytisus maderensis), Vacciniumcylindraceum, V. padifolium, Viburnum tinus ssp. subcordatum, Visnea mocanera.Animals: Columba bollei, C. junionae, C. trocaz, Fringilla coelebs ssp. ombriosa, F. teydea, F. t. ssp.polatzeki.9370 * Palm groves of PhoenixPAL.CLASS.: 45.71) Woods, often riparian, formed by the two endemic palm trees, Phoenix theophrasti and Phoenixcanariensis.The palm groves of Crete are restricted to damp sandy coastal valleys; they include the extensiveforest of Vai, where the luxuriant palm growth is accompanied by a thick shrubby undergrowth richof Nerium oleander, and about four other smaller coastal groves, notably on the south coast of theprefectorate of Rethimnon.The Canarian palm groves are mostly characteristic of the bottom of barrancos and of alluvial soils,below 600 metres; particularly representative examples are found at Fragata, Maspalomas andBarranco de Tirajana in the Gran Canary, Valle Gran Rey in La Gomera, Masca in Ténériffe andBrena Alta in La Palma.2) Plants: Phoenix canariensis, #Phoenix theophrasti.9380 Forests of Ilex aquifoliumPAL.CLASS.: 45.81) Communities dominated by arborescent Ilex aquifolium, relict of various forests with a field layer rich inIlex and sometimes with Taxus (42.A7), of the supra-Mediterranean level on various substrates. Thesewoods correspond to the senescence stage of a forest with a undergrowth with Taxus and Ilex (belongingamong others to the Ilici-Quercetum ilicis), after the fading of the tree layer. They generally form patchesinside or outside forests.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 133

9390 *Scrub & low forest vegetation with Quercus alnifoliaPAL.CLASS.: 45.481) Arborescent Quercus alnifolia-dominated formations on basic eruptive substrates of the Troodosrange, together with mattorals derived from these forests (32.1146).2) Plants Quercus alnifolia, Acer sempervirens, Teucrium kotschyanu, Salvia cypria, Crepis fraasii,Sedum cyprium93A0PAL.CLASS.: 45.46 (p)Woodlands with Quercus infectoria (Anagyro foetidae- Quercetuminfectoriae)1) Quercus infectoria woods constitute the potential natural vegetation growing on limestones andchiefly marly limestone substrata of the Troodos Mountains between 600 – 700 to 1000 –1100 m.Degraded stages of these communities are associated with Quercetalia ilicis maquis (Quercuscoccifera subsp. pseudococcifera) or with Cistus creticus phrygana.2) Plants Quercus infectoria, Q. brachyphylla, Q. coccifera ssp. calliprinos, Arbutus andrachne, Acersyriacum, Fontanesia philliraeoides, Aristolochia altissima, Cyclamen persicum, Eryngiumfalcatum, Anagyris foetida, Styrax officinalis, Agropyron panormitanum, Glaucosciadiumcordifolium, Crepis micrantha: Crataegus azarolus, Pinus brutia, Pistacia terebinthus, P.lentiscus, Arbutus andrachne, Calicotome villosa, Cistus creticus, Ptilostemon chamaepeuce var.cypris, Allium neapolitanum, Ferula communis, Geranium tuberosum, Scaligeria cretica,Scutellaria cypria var. cypria, Serratula cerinthifolia.4) The Anagyro foetidae- Quercetum infectoriae association may become degraded to maquis (9320),or phrygana (5420).Temperate mountainous coniferous forests9410 Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea)PAL.CLASS.: 42.21 to 42.23, 42.251) Sub-alpine and alpine conifer forests (dominated by Picea abies and Picea orientalis).Sub-types:42.21 - Alpine and Carpathian sub-alpine spruce forests. Piceetum subalpinum.Picea abies forests of the lower sub-alpine level, and of anomalous stations in the montanelevel, of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps; in the latter, they are often in continuity with themontane spruce forests of 42.22. The spruces are often stunted or columnar; they areaccompanied by an undergrowth of decidedly sub-alpine affinities. Picea abies forests of thelower sub-alpine level of the Carpathians.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 134

42.22 - Inner range montane spruce forests. Piceetum montanum.Picea abies forests of the montane level of the inner Alps, characteristic of regions climaticallyunfavourable to both beech and fir. Analogous Picea abies forests of the montane and collinarlevels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians subjected to a climate of highcontinentality.42.23 - Hercynian sub-alpine spruce forestsSub-alpine Picea abies forests of high Hercynian ranges 21 .42.24 Southern European Norway spruce forestsOutlying Picea abies formations of the Apennines, the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Rangeand the Rhodopides, at the southern limit of the range of the species and mostly south of itscontinuous range.42.25 - Peri-Alpine spruce forestsSpontaneous Picea abies formations occupying outlying altitudinal or edaphic enclaves withinthe range of more predominant vegetation types of the montane levels of the outer Alps, theCarpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the subalpine levels of the Jura, thewestern Hercynian ranges and the Dinarides2) Plants: Picea abies, Vaccinium spp.9420 Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forestsPAL.CLASS.: 42.31, 42.32 and 42.351) Forests of the sub-alpine and sometimes montane levels, dominated by Larix decidua or Pinuscembra; the two species may form either pure or mixed stands, and may be associated with Piceaabies or Pinus uncinata.Sub-types:42.31 - Eastern Alpine siliceous larch and arolla forests. Larici-Cembretum.Sub-alpine Larix decidua, Pinus cembra, or Larix decidua-Pinus cembra forests of the easternand central Alps, mostly of the inner ranges, usually on siliceous substrates, with an oftenspecies-poor undergrowth comprising Vaccinium myrtillus, Rhododendron ferrugineum,Calamagrostis villosa, Luzula albida.42.32 - Eastern Alpine calcicolous larch and arolla forests. Laricetum, Larici-CembretumRhododendretosum hirsutiSub-alpine and montane Larix decidua, Larix decidua - Picea abies, Pinus cembra or Larixdecidua-Pinus cembra forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the outer ranges, oncalcareous substrates, with a usually species-rich undergrowth including Erica herbacea,Polygala chamaebuxus, Rhododendron hirsutum or Pinus mugo.42.35 - Carpathian larch and arolla forestsUncommon Larix decidua or Pinus cembra formations of the Carpathians, each occurring as asingle dominant, together as codominants, or mixed with Picea abies.2) Plants: Larix decidua, Pinus cembra.21Bayerischer Wald, Harz (above 750 m) and Erzgebirge.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 135

9430 Subalpine and montane Pinus uncinata forests(* if on gypsum or limestone)PAL.CLASS.: 42.41) Mountain pine (Pinus uncinata) forests, usually open and with a very developed shrubby understory,of the subalpine and montane levels; on limestone, gypsum or siliceous substrate in a cool orthermophile situation depending on the region. Sometimes mixed with Pinus sylvestris, more rarelywith Larix-Pinus cembra.Two major types: 42.41 - mountain pine forests of the western outer Alps, the Jura and Pyreneanubacs, developed on siliceous or decalcified soils of the subalpine level with a predominatelyericaceous undergrowth comprising Rhododendron ferrugineum (Rhododendro-Vaccinion p.); 42.42- xerocline mountain pine forests of the inner Alps, of the western outer Alps and the Jura, and ofPyrenean adrets, accompanied by a shrubby undergrowth in which Rhododendron ferrugineum isabsent or rare (Junipero-Pinion p., Erico-Pinion p.)2) Plants: Arctostaphylos alpina, A. uva-ursi, Astrantia minor, Calluna vulgaris, Coronilla vaginalis,Cotoneaster integerrimus, Crepis alpestris, Daphne striata, Deschampsia flexuosa, Dryas octopetala,Erica herbacea, Homogyna alpina, Huperzia selago, Juniperus hemisphaerica, J. nana, Lycopodiumannotinum, Pinus uncinata, Polygala chamaebuxus, Rhamnus saxatilis, Rhododendron ferrugineum,Rhododendron hirsutum, Thesium rostratum, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum.4) In association with bog woodland (44.A), Pinus mugo scrub (31.5) and sometimes pioneer phases offir or spruce in disturbed zones.Mediterranean and Macaronesian mountainous coniferousforests9510 * Southern Apennine Abies albaPAL.CLASS.: 42.151) Relict Abies alba woods associated with the beech forests of the Geranio versicolori-Fagion.2) Plants: Abies alba.9520 Abies pinsapo forestsPAL.CLASS.: 42.191) Forests and stands of the endemic Abies pinsapo of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level.Calcicolous forests; ultra basic serpentine outcroppings.2) Plants: Abies pinsapo.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 136

9530 * (Sub-)Mediterranean pine forests with endemic blackpinesPAL.CLASS.: 42.61 to 42.661) Forests of the montane-Mediterranean level, on dolomitic substrate (high tolerance to magnesium),dominated by pines of the Pinus nigra group, often with a dense structure.Sub-types :42.61 - Alpino-Apennine Pinus nigra forests - Pinus nigra s.s. forests of the eastern Italian,Austrian and Slovenian Alps and of the Apennines;42.62 - Western Balkanic Pinus nigra forests - Pinus nigra ssp. nigra of the Dinarides, thePelagonides; Pinus dalmatica forests of the Dalmatian coastal areas;42.63 - Salzmann's pine forests - Pinus salzmannii forests of Spain (Pyrenees, northern IberianRange, sierra de Gredos, serrania de Cuenca, Maestrazgo, sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz,calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada) and the Causses;42.64 - Corsican laricio pine forests - Pinus laricio forests of the mountains of Corsica (1000 to1800 m) on granitic soils;42.65 - Calabrian laricio pine forests - Pinus laricio var. calabrica forests of the Sila (Sila Greca,Sila Grande, Sila Piccola), the Aspromonte and Etna;42.66 - Pallas's pine forests - montane forests of Pinus pallasiana of Greece and the Balkanpeninsula.2) Plants: Pinus laricio, Pinus nigra, Pinus pallasiana, Pinus salzmannii.Animals: Sitta whiteheadi.9540 Mediterranean pine forests with endemic MesogeanpinesPAL.CLASS.: 42.81) Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic woods of thermophilous pines, mostly appearing as substitutionor paraclimactic stages of forests of the Quercetalia ilicis or Ceratonio-Rhamnetalia. Longestablishedplantations of these pines, within their natural area of occurrence, and with anundergrowth basically similar to that of paraclimactic formations, are included.Sub-types :42.81 - Maritime pine forestsForests and plantations of Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica of south-western France and the westernIberian peninsula.42.82 - Mesogean pine forestsForests of Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster (=Pinus mesogeensis) of the western Mediterranean,mostly in siliceous meso-Mediterranean, upper meso-Mediterranean and supra-Mediterraneansituations of Spain, Corsica, south-eastern France, north-western Italy, Sardinia and Pantelleria.42.821 - Iberian mesogean pine forestsPinus pinaster forests of the Iberian peninsula, appearing mostly as substitutioncommunities of Quercus rotundifolia, Q. pyrenaica or, locally, Q. suber, Q. fagineawoodlands.42.822 - Corbières mesogean pine forestsIsolated Pinus pinaster - dominated woods of the Corbières.42.823 - Franco-Italian mesogean pine forestsPinus pinaster forests of siliceous lower meso-Mediterranean areas of Provence, of marlsand limestones of the upper meso-Mediterranean level of the Maritime Alps and theLigurian Alps, and of mostly siliceous or clayey soils of the hills of Liguria and Tuscany.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 137

42.824 - Corsican mesogean pine forestsPinetum pinastri, Erico-Arbutetum p., Galio-Pinetum p.Pinus pinaster-dominated forests of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of Corsica,mostly on granitic substrates; they are very developed, accompanied by a maquis-likeunderstory, in the meso-Mediterranean zone, mostly in its upper levels; they occur locallywithin the supra-Mediterranean zone, on adrets and at lower altitudes, as facies of lariciopine forests.42.825 - Sardinian mesogean pine forestsPinus pinaster formations on granitic substrates of northern Sardinia, with Arbutusunedo, Quercus ilex, Rosmarinus officinalis, Erica arborea, Genista corsica, Lavandulastoechas, Rubia peregrina, Calicotome spinosa, Pistacia lentiscus, Teucrium marum.42.826 - Pantellerian mesogean pine forestsPinus pinaster woods of Pantelleria.42.83 - Stone pine forestsMediterranean forests and old naturalised plantations of Pinus pinea. Old introductions in manyareas often makes the distinction between self sown forests and long-established formations ofartificial origin difficult. These are thus included here, while recent, obviously artificial grovesare not.42.831 - Iberian stone pine forestsPinus pinea forests of the Iberian peninsula, where they reach their greatest development.42.832 - Balearic stone pine woodsPinus pinea formations of the Balearic Islands, native only on Ibiza and Formentera.42.833 - Provence stone pine woodsPinus pinea formations of Provence, possibly spontaneous on coastal sands and in theMaures area.42.834 - Corsican stone pine woodsPinus pinea formations of the littoral of Corsica, some of which may be of natural origin,in particular on old dunes of the east coast.42.835 - Sardinian stone pine forestsPinus pinea formations of Sardinia.42.836 - Sicilian stone pine forestsPinus pinea formations of the Monti Peloritani, north-western Sicily, of probable nativeorigin.42.837 - Peninsular Italian stone pine forestsLarge, ancient, Pinus pinea plantations of the Tyrennian, and locally, Adriatic coasts ofthe Italian peninsula, in Liguria, Toscany, Latium, Campania, Emilia-Romana (Ravenna)and Friuli-Venetia Giulia (Grado).42.838 - Greek stone pine forestsPinus pinea woods of the littoral and coastal hills of the Peloponnese, Chalcidice, Creteand Aegean islands, rather local but probably in part, at least, spontaneous; a splendidexample exists, in particular, on Skiathos.42.84 - Aleppo pine forestsWoods of Pinus halepensis, a frequent colonist of thermo- and calcicolous meso-Mediterraneanscrubs. The distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations ofartificial origin is often difficult. The latter are thus included here, while recent, obviouslyartificial groves are not.42.841 - Iberian Aleppo pine forestsPinus halepensis forests of Spain, considered native for at least two-thirds of theirconsiderable expanse; they are mostly restricted to eastern regions on the Mediterraneanslope of the Catalonian mountains, the Maestrazgo, the pre-Baetic ranges of the upperGuadalquivir basin, the southern Andalusian mountains; they penetrate farther inland inthe Ebro basin and around the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadalquivir systems.42.842 - Balearic Aleppo pine forestsPinus halepensis formations of the Balearics, present and probably native on all the majorislands.42.843 - Provenço-Ligurian Aleppo pine forestsInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 138

Mostly lower meso-Mediterranean Pinus halepensis forests of Provence and of the lowerslopes and coastlines of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, extensive and undoubtedlynative.42.844 - Corsican Aleppo pine woodsRare and local Pinus halepensis woods of the Corsican coasts, some, at least, possiblynatural.42.845 - Sardinian Aleppo pine woodsPinus halepensis formations of Sardinia, where certainly native woods occur on Isola diSan Pietro and the Sulcis coast of Iglesiente.42.846 - Sicilian Aleppo pine woodsPinus halepensis formations of Sicily and peripheral islands (Egadi, Lampedusa,Pantelleria).42.847 - Peninsular Italian Aleppo pine forestsPinus halepensis formations of the Italian peninsula; extensive, probably at least partiallynative ones are individualised in the subdivisions below.42.848 - Greek Aleppo pine forestsPinus halepensis formations of Greece, where the species is relatively widespread,particularly in Attica, Thessaly, the coasts of the Peloponnese and of central continentalGreece, the Ionian islands, Chalcidici, the northern Sporades, Euboea and Skiros.42.85 - Aegean pine forestsPinus brutia forests of Crete and eastern Aegean islands. Eastern vicariants of Aleppo pineforests (42.84), they comprise, however, taller, more luxuriant, and often extensive, formations.Disjunct formations of this pine or of related species, described from Crimea and the Caucasianregion (Pinus pityusa, Pinus stankewiczii, Pinus eldarica) have been included..42.851 - Aegean pine forests of CretePinus brutia-dominated forests of Crete and its satellite islands Gavdos and Gaidaronisi,pure or mixed with Cupressus sempervirens; they are widespread in particular in theWhite Mountains, the Psiloriti range, the Dikti range and, locally, in the Sitia mountainsand the Asterousia mountains.42.852 - Aegean pine forests of LesbosExtensive Pinus brutia forests of Lesbos, occupying Mount Olympus and surroundinghills in the south-eastern quadrant of the island, as well as parts of the Kuratsonas rangein the north-west; these forests harbour the only European population of the nuthatchSitta krueperi and the most significant one of the orchid Comperia comperiana.42.853 - Aegean pine forests of SamosPinus brutia forests covering large expanses of Samos, in particular in the Ambelosrange, the Kerki mountains, the southern hills and the north-eastern peninsula.42.854 - Aegean pine woods of ChiosRemnant forests of Chios with a composition and stratification similar to those of theforests of Samos.42.855 - Aegean pine forests of ThasosBroad Pinus brutia belt on the lower reaches of Thasos, up to about 400 to 500 metres,mixed with Pinus pallasiana in the higher areas.42.856 - Aegean pine woods of SamothraceMostly sparse Pinus brutia formations of the lowlands of Samothrace.42.857 - Aegean pine forests of RhodesRemnant Pinus brutia forests of Rhodes, still represented by some relatively naturalformations with rich scrub undergrowth.42.858 - Aegean pine forests of KarpathosFairly extensive Pinus brutia forests of Karpathos, distributed, in particular, in thenorthern coastal area, the southern interior and the middle elevation of Kali Limni.42.859 - Aegean pine forests of the DodecanesePinus brutia formations of the islands of Simi, Kos, Leros and Ikaria.2) Plants: Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica, Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster (=Pinus mesogeensis), Pinuspinea, Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia.Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 139

9550 Canarian endemic pine forestsPAL.CLASS.: 42.91) Forests of endemic Pinus canariensis, of the dry montane level at around 800 to 2000 metres(locally down to 500 and up to 2500 metres) in Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria and Hierro, withChamaecytisus proliferus, Adenocarpus foliolosus, Cistus symphytifolius, Lotus campylocladus, L.hillebrandii, L. spartioides, Daphne gnidium, Juniperus cedrus, Micromeria spp.; these forests, ofwhich well-preserved examples have become rare, are the only habitat of Fringilla teydea,Dendrocopos major canariensis and D. m. thanneri.Sub-types :42.91 Canary pine-rockrose forestsClimax Pinus canariensis forests within the main zone of altitudinal occurrence, with anundergrowth characterised and often dominated by Cistus symphytifolius and comprisingChamaecytisus proliferus, Lotus campylocladus, L. hillebrandii, L. spartioides, Juniperuscedrus, Bystropogon origanifolius, Argyranthemum adauctum.42.92 Canary pine-dry scrub forestsFormations of dry, south-facing slopes in the lower part of the Pinus canariensis belt,transitional towards juniper formations and their degradation scrubs, with an undergrowth oftenformed by Cistus monspeliensis, Euphorbia obtusifolia ssp. regis-jubae, Salvia canariensis,Micromeria hyssopifolia, Echium aculeatum.42.93 Canary pine-heath forestsFormations of humid, fogbound north- and north-west-facing slopes in the lower reaches of thePinus canariensis belt, with an abundance of Erica arborea and Myrica faya, and occasionallywith Ilex canariensis and Arbutus canariensis; epiphytic lichens are abundant, as are densecarpets of mosses, in particular, Hypnum cupressiforme. These woods are the main habitat ofRegulus teneriffae.42.94 Canary pine-broom woodsFormations of the highest altitudes of the Pinus canariensis belt, invaded by species of thesupra-Canarian level, in particular Adenocarpus viscosus.42.95 Canary pine-juniper woodsJunipero cedri-Pinetum canariensisPinus canariensis and Juniperus cedrus formations of steep, rocky slopes of high altitudes ofTenerife and La Palma.2) Plants: Pinus canariensis, Chamaecytisus proliferus, Adenocarpus foliolosus, Cistussymphytifolius, Lotus campylocladus, L. hillebrandii, L. spartioides, Daphne gnidium, Juniperuscedrus, Micromeria spp.9560 * Endemic forests with Juniperus spp.PAL.CLASS.: 42.A2 to 42.A5 and 42.A81) Medium altitude forest formations dominated by Juniperus spp. The arborescent matorrals (32.13 and31.3) should not be included.Sub-types :42.A2 - Spanish juniper woods (Juniperon thuriferae) - forest formations dominated by Juniperusthuriferae of Spain (calcareous substrates in the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Rangeand neighbouring plateaux, often with Pinus sylvestris, P. salzmannii, Juniperus hemisphaericaand Berberis hispanica; enclaves on the periphery of and within the Sierra de Guadarrama,occurring both on rare local limestone deposits and in a few siliceous stations; dry, warm, rocky,calcareous southern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, between the Rio Pisuerga and the RioInterpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 140

Luna, with Juniperus nana, J. sabina, Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica, Rhamnus alpinus,Viburnum lantana; gypsiferous soils of the Ebro basin, with Rhamnus lycioides; clay soils of theCampo de Montiel; Sierra Taibilla), southern France (Montagne de Rie); warm calcareoussupra-Mediterranean slopes of the south-western Alps, in Drôme, Hautes-Alpes andAlpes-de-Haute-Provence, between 700 and 1200 metres; warm calcareous supra-Mediterraneanslopes of the Isère valley, in the western Alps, between 300 and 500 metres; valleys in the interiorof Corsica -Pinnera, Rudda, Pruniccia - sometimes mixed with Pinus laricio;42.A3 - Grecian juniper woods (Juniperetum excelsae) - forest formations dominated by Juniperusexcelsa, of the Ostryo-Carpinion zone of the mountains of northern Greece (up to 900-1000m,around lake Prespa);42.A4 - Stinking juniper woods - forest formations dominated by Juniperus foetidissima on adretsof the upper supra-Mediterranean level in Greece;42.A5 - Syrian juniper woods - Juniperus drupacea woods of the northern slopes of Mount Parnon,Greece;42.A8 - Macaronesian juniper woods - Juniperus cedrus formations of the high altitudes inTenerife, La Palma, Gomera, Gran Canaria, restricted to steep rocky slopes; Juniperus phoeniceaformations of Tenerife, La Palma, Hierro, Gran Canaria, La Gomera (Maytenio-Juniperionphoeniceae p.); endemic Juniperus brevifolia formations of the Azores (Juniperion brevifoliae p.).2) Plants: Juniperus brevifolia, J. cedrus, J. drupacea, J. excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. oxycedrus, J.phoenicea, J. thurifera.4) The arborescent matorrals of Juniperus thurifera (32.136), Juniperus excelsa and J. foetidissima(32.133), Juniperus drupacea (32.135) and the ericoid-dominated facies of the MacaronesianJuniperus formations (31.3) are generally associated in the field, but they should not be included inthis habitat type.9570 * Tetraclinis articulata forestsPAL.CLASS.: 42.A61) Xero-thermophile forests of Arbor-vitae (Tetraclinis articulata); Periplocion angustifoliae:Arisaro-Tetraclinidetum articulatae, Mayteno-Periplocetum angustifoliae. Scrub formed by T.articulata should also be considered a part of this habitat.2) Plants: Asparagus albus, A. stipularis, Arisarum vulgare, Brachypodium retusum, Chamaeropshumilis, Lavandula dentata, Lithodora fruticosa, Periploca laevigata, Rhamnus lycioides, Tetraclinisarticulata, Teucrium carthaginense, Thymus glandulosus.9580 * Mediterranean Taxus baccata woodsPAL.CLASS.: 42.A72 and 42.A731) Woods dominated by Taxus baccata, often with Ilex aquifolium, of very local occurrence. Thishabitat type may have two origins: senescent phase of a beech wood or beech-fir wood, made up ofclusters of Taxus after the fall of the tall species, surrounded by layered stands of beech-yew; residualTaxus stand with disappearance of the tall species, both above and in the proximity of Taxus.Habitat sub-types included:42.A72 - Corsican yew woods - Formations of Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Buxus sempervirensrestricted to cool, montane areas in the Tenda range, the San Pedrone range and the Cap Corsemountains;Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 141

42.A73 - Sardinian yew woods - Taxus baccata and Ilex aquifolium woods of the Catena delMarghine and the Mount Limbara system.In the north and centre of Portugal there are Taxus baccata relicts, sometimes in small isolatedformations (Serras do Gerês and Estrela), that may be included in this habitat type.2) Plants: Buxus sempervirens, Ilex aquifolium, Mercurialis perennis, Sorbus aria, Taxus baccata.9590 *Cedrus brevifolia forests (Cedrosetum brevifoliae)PAL.CLASS.: 42.B21) Forests of Cedrus brevifolia, endemic to the western summits of the Troodos range2) Plants Cedrus brevifolia, Quercus alnifolia, Arrhenatherum album, Cephalorrhynchus cypricus,Galium peplidifolium, Stellaria media, Lindbergella sintensii95A0PAL.CLASS.: 42.7High oro-Mediterranean pine forests1) Balkan endemic forests of Pinus heldreichii or Pinus peuce, restricted to the southern Balkans,Northern Greece and Southern Italy. Accompaning species are Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Pinusmugo with understory including Juniperus sibirica, Vaccinium myrtillus, Calamagrostisarundinacea, Brachypodium pinnatum, Luzula luzuloides, Luzula sylvatica, Geraniummacrorhizum.Subtypes :42.71 White-barked pine forestsLocal treeline formations of Pinus heldreichii restricted to the southern Balkans, northernGreece and southern Italy, usually open and with an undergrowth formed by strippedgrasslands on dry, often stony or rocky soils.42.72 Macedonian pine woodsPinus peuce formations (Pinion peucis), restricted to the subalpine zone of the high mountainsof the Balkan peninsula south to extreme northern Greece (Voras, Varnous, Rhodope).2) Plants:42.71 – Pinus heldreichii, Brachypodium pinnatum, Festuca penzesii, Calamagrostis arundinacea,Orthilia secunda;42.72 – Pinus peuce, Vaccinium myrillus, Luzula sylvatica, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Pinusmugo.5) Bondev, I. 1991. The vegetation of Bulgaria. Map 1:600000 with explanatory text. St. KlimentOhridski University Press, Sofia : 183p. (in Bulgarian)Velchev, V. 1973. Phytocoenological study on Pinus peuce in the Central Balkan Range. Izv. Bot.Inst., 24 : 169-193. (in Bulgarian)Velchev, V. 2000. On the syntaxonomy of Pinus heldreichii communities to the Pirin mountain.Phytol. Balcanica, 6: 195-216Interpretation Manual - EUR27 Page 142

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