Author
Nathan A Brooks, MD Resident Physician, Department of Urology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Nathan A Brooks, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
James A Brown, MD, FACS Professor of Urology, Residency Program Director, Medical Director, Department of Urology, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Andersen-Hebbeln Professor of Prostate Cancer Research, University of Iowa, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine
James A Brown, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Society for Basic Urologic Research, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons, Society of University Urologists, Society of Urologic Oncology, American Association of Clinical Urologists, Society of Government Service Urologists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Chief Editor
Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS Professor of Urology, Frank and Linda Vala Endowed Chair of Urology, Director, Center for Laparoscopy and Endourology, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
Bradley Fields Schwartz, DO, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Urological Association, Association of Military Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, Endourological Society, Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons, Society of University Urologists
Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Endourological Society Board of Directors<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Cook Medical<br/>Received research grant from: Cook Medical.
Additional Contributors
Allen Donald Seftel, MD Professor of Urology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School; Head, Division of Urology, Director, Urology Residency Training Program, Cooper University Hospital
Allen Donald Seftel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Urological Association
Disclosure: Received consulting fee from lilly for consulting; Received consulting fee from abbott for consulting; Received consulting fee from auxilium for consulting; Received consulting fee from actient for consulting; Received honoraria from journal of urology for board membership; Received consulting fee from endo for consulting.
Jeffrey M Donohoe, MD, FAAP Assistant Professor of Pediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Children’s Medical Center, Medical College of Georgia
Jeffrey M Donohoe, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Shlomo Raz, MD Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine
Shlomo Raz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Urological Association, California Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Jason O Burnette, MD Resident Physician, Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, Medical College of Georgia
Jason O Burnette, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, American Urological Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, Jong M. Choe, MD, FACS, and previous coauthor Hye Kim, RPh, to the development and writing of this article.