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Disease Identification 
and Life Cycle
LNT 136 – Spring 2017
Mark Valen
What is a Disease?
• A disease is any interference with the plant’s ability 
to grow normally.
• Therefore, a disease in a plant could be a lack of 
water, too much water, a deficiency in a plant 
nutrient, or damage by a insect.
• It can also be caused by microscopic organisms 
such as fungi and bacteria.
Infectious Diseases
Infectious diseases are diseases that can attack a plant and, 
after obtaining nutrients from the plant, multiply and 
spread to infect other plants.
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Viruses
Infectious Diseases
Sign:  characteristic structure of a particular causal 
agent.
ex.  mushroom
Symptom:  a visible reaction by the host because it 
has been infected by a  disease.
ex. Leaf spot, root rot,  blight.
The Disease Triangle
A disease must have 3 components “in‐sync” to successfully 
infect a plant.
Susceptible Host
PathogenProper Environment
Bacteria
Bacteria are one of three main domains of life on 
earth, found in almost every possible habitat.
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks 
a membrane‐bound nucleus or other organelles.
Bacteria
• Three Growth Shapes:
• Coccus (cocci) ‐ round
• Bacillus (bacilli) ‐ rod 
shaped
• Spirillus (spirilli) ‐
corkscrew shaped
• Some of these may have 
1 ‐ 2 flagella.
Bacteria
• Reproduction
• They multiply very rapidly.
• ‘Binary Fission’
Bacterial Disease
• Soft rots
• Leaf spots
• Wilts
• Blights 
• Sudden severe damage to leaves, stems or flowers.
• Galls
• Outgrowth or swelling of unorganized plant cells.
• Cankers
• Lesion on a stem, swollen or sunken area, surrounded by 
live tissue.
Bacteria
• How are bacterial disease introduced into plants?
• Wounds
• Lenticels
• Stomata
• How are bacterial diseases disseminated?
• Wind
• Water
• Tools
• Insects
Bacteria
1. Fireblight
2. Leaf Scorch
3. Crown Gall
4. Leaf Spot
Fire Blight
Erwinia amylovora
• Signs/Symptoms
• Blossom Blight:  infected 
blossoms wilt, turn dark brown.  
The bacteria move down the 
spur into the leaves.
• Twig Blight:  Twigs take on a 
torched look, similar to a 
shepard’s crook.
• Fruit Blight:  Fruit is watery and 
ooze out milky or amber 
colored sap.
Fire Blight Damage
• Sporatic dieback of foliage.
• Stunted and deformed growth.
• Death!
• Primarily attacks plants of the 
Rosaceae family.
• Apple 
• Pear
• Pyracantha
• Toyon
• Cotoneaster
• Loquat
Fire Blight Control
• Use resistant varieties.
• Sanitation – cut out infected 
twigs and cankers at least 18” 
beyond the infected areas.
• Insecticides to control spread.
• Dormant spray, if applicable.
• Bactericide through the bloom 
period
Crown Gall
Agrobacterium tumefacens
• Signs/Symptoms
• Overgrowths on the trunk that vary in 
size from a pea to 50 lbs.
• Caused by hyperplasia and hypertrophy 
of cells.
• Not to be confused with insect galls.
Hyperplasia:  a large increase in the 
number of cells.
Hypertrophy: cells are larger than 
normal.
Crown Gall
• Life Cycle
• Soil inhabitant
• Enters through wounds
• Multiplies rapidly
• Damage
• Often enters at 
unsanitary graft union
• Disfiguring growth
• Eventual death
Crown Gall Control
• Start with clean nursery 
stock
• Resistant varieties
• Grafts should be well 
wrapped
• Soil insecticides
• Avoid lawnmower and 
weed whip damage
Oleander Leaf Scorch
Xylella fastidiosa
• Signs/Symptoms
• Dieback of leaf tips.
• Scorched, yellow/light 
brown/rusty colored leaves.
• Individual branches or full 
sections of the plant may be 
affected.
• Symptoms may mimic drought 
or salt burn.
Oleander Leaf Scorch
• Life Cycle
• The bacteria are introduced into the plant by the 
Glassy Winged Sharp Shooter.  
• The bacteria multiply and clog the xylem vessels.
Oleander Leaf Scorch Control
• Once the bacteria has entered the plant, there is no 
cure.
• Prune out infected portions, similar to Fireblight.
• Monitor insect populations
• Plant removal.
Bacterial Leaf Spot
Xanthamonas hederae
• Signs/Symptoms
• Ooze on the stems.
• Leaf spots that begin as light 
green areas and become water 
soaked.
• Spots turn brown with red 
margins.
• Leaf petioles turn black and 
shrivel.
• Plants may become dwarfed.
Bacterial Leaf Spot
• Life Cycle
• Bacteria spreads through splashing water.
• Enters leaves through wounds and stomata.
• Disease is most active during hot, humid weather.
• Damage
• Unsightly foliage (often found on ivy)
Bacterial Leaf Spot Control
• Dormant spray, if applicable.
• Avoid overhead watering during times of heat and 
humidity.
• Water early in the day.
• Remove infected parts.
Fungi
• Kingdom: Fungi
Fungi
• Fungi are a separate kingdom because:
• They have no chlorophyll.
• Their cell walls do not contain cellulose.
• They have different biochemical pathways than plants.
Fungi
Black Sooty Mold
Powdery Mildew
Rust
Damping Off
Peach Leaf Curl
Anthracnose
Fungi
• Spore:  a reproductive unit, 
characteristic of these 
organisms.  Similar to a seed 
but does not have a 
preformed embryo.
• Fruiting Body:  a sexual or 
asexual structure that 
produces spores.
• https://youtu.be/XuKjBIBBAL8
Fungi
Hypha (hyphae):  a thread or filament of growth
Mycelium: a mass of hyphae
Fungi
• Haustoria:  a finger‐like 
projection sprouting off 
a hypha.
• Intercellular:  grows 
between the cells.
• Endomycorrhiza
• Intracellular:  grows into 
the cells.
• Ectomycorrhiza
Black Sooty Mold
• Signs/Symptoms
• Black mold on foliage.
• Reduced vigor of the 
plant.
• Leaf yellowing.
• Small fruit.
• Life Cycle
• Not a true parasite; it 
lives on honeydew.
Black Sooty Mold
• Damage
• No direct damage to plant.
• Indirect damage is due to 
reduced photosynthesis. 
• Stunted growth.
• Looks nasty!
• Control
• Control sucking insect that is 
producing honeydew.
• Control ants.
• Prune out infected parts.
• Hard spray of water/soapy 
water(?)
Powdery Mildew
• Signs/Symptoms
• White felt or powder on the top 
surface of leaves, bud, flowers 
or fruit.
• Usually found on most tender 
growth.
• Life Cycle
• Overwinters as mycelial mats.
• Spores carried by wind.
• Disease flares up quickly in 
humid and mod. temps.
Powdery Mildew
• Damage
• Deformed buds.
• Stunted growth.
• Ugly!
• Can destroy flowers or fruit.
• Control
• Avoid evening watering and 
keep water on the soil.
• Use resistant varieties.
• Provide plant with plenty of 
light and air circulation.
• Hose off plants in the middle 
of the day.
• Fungicides (Immunox, Sun 
Spray Oil, baking soda spray.
Rust
• Signs/Symptoms
• Orange>>Brown>>Black spore pustules 
on the underside of the leaf.
• Yellowing of leaf tissues on the topside.
• Life Cycle
• Very unusual – requires at least two 
hosts.
• These two hosts may be 1000’s of 
miles apart.
• 2‐5 types of spores might be produced.
• Prefer low temps. and moisture.
Rust
• Damage
• Ugly!  Reduces value of the plant.
• Stunted growth.
• Attacks a wide variety of plants.
• Control
• Use resistant varieties, if possible.
• Keep water off of the foliage.
• Prune out infected parts, if feasible.
• Eliminate alternate host.
• Fungicides(Mancozeb, Safer 3‐in‐1 Fungicide, sulfur 
spray)
Damping Off (Seedling Disease)
Pythium, Phythophthora, 
Rhizoctonia, Thelaeviopsis.
• Signs/Symptoms
• Seed decay.
• Seedlings fall over at the soil line.  
Lower stem is soft and brown.
Life Cycle
Varies; may overwinter as 
sclerotia or chlamydospore.
Favor cool, moist conditions 
and poorly drained soil.
Attack where the cells are not 
lignified.
Damping Off Control
• Sanitation; sterilize tools, 
pots, soil, growing areas.
• Seed treatment.
• Keep excess moisture 
out of seed beds.
• Drench soils with a 
fungicide. (Aliette)
• Water early in the day.
Damping Off
Stem and Root Rot
• Signs/Symptoms
• Below ground – rootlets softened or dead.
• Above ground – Stunting, wilting, death.
• Stem at the soil line is brown/black and 
shriveled.
• Life Cycle
• Overwinter as spores.
• Favored by cool, moist conditions and 
poorly drained soils.
• Attack the plant where the cells are not yet 
lignified.
• Control
• Same as Damping Off
Peach Leaf Curl
Taphrina deformens
• Signs/Symptoms
• Thickened, curled leaves that turn yellow 
and red.
• Stunting of the shoots.
• Life Cycle
• Spores over‐winter on the tree bark.
• Spores become active in the spring and 
re‐infect the young leaves.
• Asexual spores are produced and a 
second infection takes place.
Peach Leaf Curl
• Damage
• Reduced tree health.
• Low quality fruit.
• Early leaf drop leads to less carbohydrate 
buildup in the roots; leads to a slow start 
in the spring.
• Control
• Clean up leaves and mummies.
• Fungicide in the late fall after leaf drop 
and early spring before leaf push. 
(Daconil, Bravo ‐ chlorothalonil)
• Kop R Spray, Liqui Cop dormant sprays. 
(8% copper; add 1% hort. Oil)
• Bordoil and Orthorix were removed from 
shelf in 2011.
Anthracnose
Colletotrichum, 
Gleosporum, Gnomonia
sp.
• Signs/Symptoms
• Drooping of new foliage.
• Necrotic leaf spots.
• Twig blight.
• Witches Broom
• Ooze on the branches.
Anthracnose
• Life Cycle
• Over‐winters as mycelia in fallen leaves and twig cankers.
• Spores are produced and spread as new foliage appears in the 
spring.
• Spores ooze out the underside of the veins and spread with 
splashing rain.
• Plants affected:  Sycamores and Chinese Elms, Oaks, 
Vegetables and Fruit.
• Damage
• Twigs die.
• Older leaves will have irregular brown areas.
• Possible defoliation.
• Large branches may die with several years of infection.
Anthracnose Control
• Clean up leaf litter.
• Spray 3x with Zineb; once when 
tree is dormant, once at bud break, 
and once 7 days later.
• Fertilize trees to stimulate growth.

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